Bio 459 - Diseases > Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 3) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Notes 3 (Part 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the smallest phylum?

A

Epsilonprobacteria

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2
Q

What are 2 examples of epsilonproteobacteria?

A
  1. Campylobacter

2. Helicobacter

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3
Q

Campylobacter (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. One polar flagellum
  3. Cant grow with excess presence of O2
  4. Gram-negative
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4
Q

What is an example of campylobacter?

A

C. jejuni = causes food borne intestinal disease

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5
Q

Helicobacter (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Multiple flagella
  3. Causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
  4. Gram-negative
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6
Q

What are 5 examples of nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria?

A
  1. Chlamydia
  2. Planctomycetes
  3. Spirochaetes
  4. Deinococci
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7
Q

What are 2 examples of chlamydiae?

A
  1. Chlamydia
  2. Chlamydophila
    - both have no peptidoglycan in the cell walls and grow intracellularly
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8
Q

Chlamydia and chlamydophila (3)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Form an elementary body that is infective
  3. Gram-negative
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9
Q

What is an example of chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis = causes trachoma and urethritis

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10
Q

What is an example of chlamydophila?

A

Chlamydophila psittaci = causes respiratory psittacosis

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11
Q

What are the 6 steps to chlamydia?

A
  1. The bacterium’s infectious form the elementary body and attaches to a host cell
  2. The host cell phagocytizes the elementary body, housing it in a vacuole
  3. The elementary body re-organizes to form a reticulate body
  4. The reticulate body divides successively, producing multiple reticulate bodies
  5. The reticulate bodies begin to convert back into elementary bodies
  6. The elementary bodies are released from the host cell
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12
Q

Planctomycetes (3)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Gemmata obsuriglobus has a membrane around DNA resembling a eukaryotic nucleus
  3. Gram-negative
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13
Q

What are 2 examples of planctomycetes?

A
  1. Bacteroidetes

2. Fusobacteria

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14
Q

Bacteroidetes (5)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. Found in the mouth and large intestines
  4. Cytophaga degrade cellulose in soil
  5. Gram-negative
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15
Q

Fusobacteria (4)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Anaerobic
  3. Found in the mouth
  4. Causes dental abscesses
    - effects the gums
  5. Spindle shaped
  6. Gram-negative
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16
Q

What shape are spirochatetes and how do they move?

A
  • They are coiled shape

- Move via axial filaments

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17
Q

What are 3 examples of spirochatetes?

A
  1. Treponema
  2. Borrelia
  3. Leptospira
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18
Q

Treponema (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-negative

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19
Q

What is an example of treponema?

A

T. pallidum = causes syphilis

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20
Q

Borrelia (2)

A
  1. Pathogenic

2. Gram-negative

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21
Q

What is an example of borrelia?

A

B. burgdorferi = causes relapsing fever and lyme disease

- transmitted by ticks

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22
Q

Leptospira (5)

A
  1. Pathogenic
  2. Animal pathogens excreted in animal urine
  3. Can be transmitted to humans
  4. Has a linear genome (B31)
    - 1 linear Mb O991, genes = 853
    - 3 circular plasmids with 12-29 genes
    - 10 small linear plasmids = 25-76 genes
  5. Gram-negative
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23
Q

What are 2 examples of deinococci?

A
  1. Deinococcus radiodurons

2. Thermus aquatics

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24
Q

Deinococcus radiodurons (3)

A
  1. Non pathogenic
  2. More resistant to radiation than endospores
  3. Gram-negative
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25
Thermus aquatics (4)
1. Non pathogenic 2. Found in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park 3. Source of Taq polymerase 4. Gram-negative
26
What are 2 examples of gram positive bacteria?
1. Firmicutes | 2. Actinobacteria
27
What is the major difference between firmicutes and actinobacteria?
- Firmicutes have low G and C ratios | - Actinobacteria have high G and C ratios
28
What are 6 examples of firmicutes?
1. Clostridiales 2. Epulopiscium 3. Bacillales 4. Staphylococcus 5. Lactrobacillales 6. Mycoplasmatales
29
What are 5 example of clostridiales?
1. Clostridium 2. C. tetani 3. C. botulinum 4. C. perfringens 5. C. difficile - all disease causing bacteria
30
Clostridium (4)
1. Pathogenic 2. Obligate anaerobes 3. Gram-positive
31
What is the largest bacteria known?
Epulopiscium
32
Epulopiscium (5)
1. Non pathogenic 2. Can be seen with an unaided eye 3. Daughter cells form within the parent - no binary fission 4. Spore forming bacteria 5. Gram-positive
33
What are 4 examples of bacillales?
1. Bacillus 2. B. anthracis = causes anthrax 3. B. thuringiensis = is an insect pathogen 4. B. cereus = causes food poisoning
34
Bacillus (4)
1. Pathogenic 2. Leads to necrosis 3. Endospore-producing rods 4. Gram-positive
35
Staphylococcus (3)
1. Pathogenic 2. Grape like clusters 3. Gram-positive
36
What is an example of staphlococcus?
S. aureus - causes wound infection - is often antibiotic resistant - produces enterotoxin
37
Enterotoxin
A toxin produced in or affecting the intestines
38
Lactobacillates (4)
1. Non pathogenic 2. Aerotolerant anaerobes - produces lactic acid from simple carbohydrates 3. Lactobacillus colonize the body and are used commercially in food production 4. Gram-positive
39
What are 3 examples of lactobacillates?
1. Streptococcus 2. Enterococcus 3. Listeria
40
Streptococcus (5)
1. Pathogenic 2. Spherical in chains 3. Produce enzymes that destroy tissues 4. Creates respiratory infections - lives on mucus in the mouth, GT tract, etc 5. Gram-positive
41
What is an example of beta-hemolytic streptococci?
S. pyogenes
42
What are 2 examples of non-beta-hemolytic streptococci?
1. S. pneumoniae 2. S. mutans - both cause dental caries
43
Enterococcus (3)
1. Pathogenic 2. Found in the intestinal track - hospital contaminants 3. Gram-positive
44
What are 3 examples of enterococcus?
1. E. faecalis 2. E. faecium - both infect surgical wounds and the urinary track
45
Listeria (2)
1. Pathogenic | 2. Gram-positive
46
What is an example of listeria?
L. monocytogenes = contaminates food
47
Mycoplasmatales (3)
1. Pathogenic 2. Lack of cell wall - peomorphic 3. Gram-positive
48
What is an example of mycoplasmatales?
M. pneumoniae = causes mild pneumonia
49
What are 3 E. coli success
1. Ability to adhere to surfaces 2. Ability to rapidly use nutrients 3. Ability to tolerate, resist or destroy the immune defences of the hosts - allowing them to become pathogenic
50
Actinobacteria (4)
1. High G and C 2. Gram-positive 3. Often pleomorphic - branching filaments 4. Often common inhabitants in soil
51
What are 8 examples of actinobacteria?
1. Mycobacterium 2. Corynebacterium 3. Propionibacterium 4. Gardneralla 5. Frankia 6. Streptomyces 7. Actinomyces 8. Nocardia
52
Mycobacterium (4)
1. Pathogenic 2. Outer most layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and water resistant 3. Often slow growing 4. Gram-positive
53
What are 2 examples of mycobacterium?
1. M. tuberculosis = causes tuberculosis 2. M. leprae = causes leprosy - effects nose and upper respiratory track
54
Corynebacterium (2)
1. Pathogenic | 2. Gram-positive
55
What is an example of corynebacterium?
C. diptheriae = causes diphtheria | - diarrhea
56
Propionibacterium (3)
1. Pathogenic 2. Forms propionic acid 3. Gram-positive
57
What is an example of propionibacterium?
P. acnes = causes acne
58
Gardneralla (2)
1. Pathogenic | 2. Gram-positive
59
What is an example of gardneralla?
G. vaginalis = causes vaginitis | - inflammatory of the vagina
60
Frankia (3)
1. Non pathogenic 2. Forms N-flxing nodules on tree roots 3. Gram-positive
61
Streptomyces (5)
1. Non pathogenic 2. Grows relatively slow 3. Isolated form soil 4. Produces most antibiotics 5. Gram-positive
62
Actinomyces (3)
1. Pathogenic 2. Forms filaments in the mouth and throat - destroys tissue s 3. Gram-positive
63
Nocardia (3)
1. Pathogenic 2. Forming fragmenting filaments - acid fast 3. Gram-positive
64
What is an example of nocardia?
N. asteroides = causes pulmonary infections in humans
65
What kind of shape do archea typically have?
an unusual shape
66
What do archea not have?
Pathogens
67
What do archea contain?
Different types of membranes and fatty acids
68
What kind of linkage does archea have?
Ether linkage
69
What do archea lack?
Peptidoglycan
70
What are 2 habitats for archea?
1. Extremophiles | 2. Methanogens
71
What are 2 examples of etremophiles?
1. Halophiles | 2. Thermophils
72
Halophils
Required salt concentration > 25%
73
Thermophiles
Required growth temperature at > 80%
74
Methanogens
Anaerobic and produce methane
Bio 459 - Diseases
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