Midterms Flashcards by Ralph Cinco

Variceal dilatation of the anal and perianal venous plexuses that develop secondary to persistently
elevated venous pressure.

HEMORRHOID

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The trapped bowel in Intussusception is referred to as;

INTUSSUSCEPTUM

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Benign lesion of the colon that protrudes above the surface of the surrounding mucous membrane
or from the submucosa.

POLYP OF THE COLON

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Part of the Large Intestine usually most affected of Megacolon.

RECTUM

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This disorder results when there is a reduction in the absorptive capacity of the Small Intestine.

MALABSORPTION SYNDROME

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Ileal tissue that traps Bovine Tuberculosis whenever an individual has ingested or swallowed infective
material.

PEYER’S PATCHES

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Congenital anomaly of the Small Intestine that causes intestinal obstruction and that, it leads to
persistent vomiting that usually occurs within the first two weeks of life.

ATRESIA&STENOSIS

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Pathology that may arise in the S.I. which is called by its name because it was believed that despite of their invasive characteristics, this lesion could not metastasize.

CARCINOID TUMOR

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This tumor of the S.I. grow in a napkin-ring encircling pattern in which in the late stage, they spread to regional nodes, liver, lungs and other distal organs.

CARCINOMA TUMOR

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Hirschsprung’s disease is a failure of the development or the absence of the two plexuses in the colon where there is deficient formation of what cells?

GANGLION CELLS

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What are the two diseases which are characterized by numerous saccular out-pouching in the colon?

DIVERTICULOSIS&DIVERTICULITIS

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This congenital anomaly occurs both “congenital” and as an “acquired” disorder where there is marked dilatation of the Large Intestine.

MEGACOLON

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This lesion is found most commonly in the Sigmoid colon which represents herniation of the mucosa through the muscle coat at points of weakness

COLONIC DIVERTICULA

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What is the appearance of Melanosis Coli, Histologically? (5 POINTS)

BROWN-BLACK PIGMENT GRANULES WITHIN LARGE MONONUCLEAR CELLS OR MACROPHAGES IN THE LAMINA PROPRIA.

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Define “Colitis” –

INFLAMMATION OF COLON

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Define “Volvulus” –

TWISTING OF A LOOP OF INTESTINE, CAUSING AN OBSTRUCTION.

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Histologically, Describe the appearance of Hemorrhoid (5 POINTS)

-CONSIST ONLY OF THIN-WALLED,
DILATED, TYPICAL VARIES THAT PROTRUDE BENEATH THE ANAL OR RECTAL MUCOSA.

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Describe Hemorrhoid in their Exposed & Traumatized Situation (5 POINTS)

-IN THEIR EXPOSED, TRAUMATIZED SITUATIONS, THEY TEND TO BECOME THROMBOSED AND, IN THE COURSE OF TIME, BECOME CANALIZED.

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Discuss How Imperforate Anus Developed? (5 POINTS)

-WHEN THE MEMBRANE THAT SEPERATES THE ENTODERMAL HINDGUT FROM THE ECTODERMAL ANAL DIMPLE FAILS TO PERFORATE , AN INTACT MEMBRANOUS SEPTUM MAY COMPLETELY CLOSE THE ANAL CANAL.

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Megacolon is the failure of the normal development or the absence of these two plexuses in the Large Intestine of the submucosal layer. What are these Two (2) Plexuses?

MEISSNER’S & AUERBACH’S PLEXUS IN THE COLON

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A recurrent acute and chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by extensive inflammatory mucosal ulceration of the colon.

IDIOPATHIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS

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An occlusion of the arterial or of the venous drainage due to a localized area of ischemic necrosis.

INFARCT

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An internal hemorrhoid which has descended below the pectinate line and protruded outside the anal sphincter.

PROLAPSED HEMORRHOID

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The first portion of the Large Intestine which is described as an elongated pouch situated in the (R)
lower portion of the abdomen.

CECUM

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Persistent intra-peritoneal pressure on the weak or on the defective wall of the peritoneal cavity that would provide a pouch-like serous lined sac called the;

HERNIAL SAC

A disorder often encountered in infants and children in which one part of the bowel is telescoped into another.

INTUSSUSCEPTION

The most distal portion of the Small Intestine.

ILEUM

The portion of the intestine containing the Intussusceptum.

INTUSSUSCEPIENS

An impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients.

MALABSORPTION SYNDROME

The Sigmoid colon is better known as the;

PELVIC COLON

Which of the following condition is NOT related to the Small Intestine?

B. Hirschsprung’s disease

Most Diverticula in the colon are found;

D. Pelvic colon

The percentage of frequency of Carcinoid that may occur in the Vermiform Appendix.

A. 35-45%

The following are the cardinal symptoms of a Congenital Magacolon.

1. Difficulty in evacuation 2. Vomiting 5. Abdominal Distention

A disease of unknown or obscure cause is said to be;

IDIOPATHIC DISEASE

Because these lesions tend to grow as cohesive masses only, many of this are amenable to surgical removal yielding a 50-60% year survival rate.

LEIOMYOSARCOMA

In intussusception, the invaginated segment propelled by peristalsis into the distal segment pulling its mesentery along behind it. The trapped bowel then is referred to as;

INTUSSUSCEPTUM

Lymph glands are present in the wall of the Small Intestine particularly in the Ileum which is called;

PEYER'S PATCHES

Discuss/Describe Diverticula of the Jejunum and Ileum histologically. (5 POINTS)

-MUSCULAR COATS OF THE DIVERTICULA ARE ABSENT OR THINNED, LEAVING ONLY THE MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA.

Varicose dilatation of a vein of the inferior hemorrhoidal plexus distal to the pectinate line and is covered with modified anal skin.

INTERNAL HEMORRHOID

An internal hemorrhoid which has been prolapsed sufficiently and for a long enough time for its blood supply to become occluded by the constricting action of the anal sphincter.

STRANGULATED HEMORRHOID

Any outgrowth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane.

POLYP

This may happen when there is weakness or partial to total absence of a region of the diaphragm that permits the abdominal contents to herniate into the thorax.

DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

Describe the appearance of a “Chronic Atrophic Gastritis”. (5 POINTS)

-MUCOSA IS MORE OBVIOUSLY REDDENED AND THINNED WITH EXTENSION OF THE INFILTRATE IN THE LAMINA PROPRIA TO THE DEEPER LAYERS ABOUT THE GLANDS AND THERE IS OFTEN ATROPHY OF THE GLANDS WITH PARTICULAR LOSS OF PARIETAL CELLS.

Gastric mucosal cell type located at the junction of the glands and pits.

MUCOUS NECK CELLS

A malignant tumor made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue.

SARCOMA

Describe the Expanding Type Carcinoma of the Stomach. (5 POINTS)

-COHESIVE (STICKING TOGETHER TIGHTLY) MASS OF TUMOR CELLS THAT ENCROACH ON THE SURROUNDING STOMACH WALL ALONG A BROAD FRONT, CREATING A PUSHING-EXPANDING PATTERN OF GROWTH.

The percentage of frequency of a Benign Lipoma of the stomach.

The percentage of frequency of a Benign Hemangioma of the stomach.

Narrowing of the pyloric lumen that may be encountered in infants as a congenital defect or as an acquired lesion in adults secondary to inflammatory fibrosis or a tumorous invasion.

PYLORIC STENOSIS

Hemorrhoid containing blood.

THROMBOSED HEMORRHOID

Lymphomas assume a variety of Gross Appearances that includes;

1. They appear to be cohesive 3. Creates a polypoid masses and show mucosal ulceration

Which side of the diaphragm usually permits the abdominal contents to herniate into the thorax?

LEFT SIDE

A semi-fluid substance suitable for further digestion by the intestine.

CHYME

The disease entity that vary in conformation from a fibrotic cord to a pouch having a lumen greater than that of the ileum accompanied by intestinal bleeding or having symptoms that resembles an acute appendicitis.

MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM

The infection of the small intestinal tuberculosis begins in this part of the S.I. where abundant lymphoid tissue traps the organisms.

ILEUM

Describe the Pattern of Gastric Carcinoma in a Diffuse Form (5 POINTS)

-The wall of the stomach involved is typically thickened up to 2-3cm and has a leathery, inelastic Consistency with generally flattened or totally obliterated rugal folds.

Lesion of the stomach that tends to occur in the cardia and in the antrum.

GASTRIC CARCINOMA

Describe the appearance of the “Gastric Folds” with Gastric Carcinoma in Fungating Form (5 POINTS)

on the luminal surface of the mass, there is shallow ulcer on a broad base giving a saucer-like conformation. The rugal folds are lost on the area of thickenning.

Cell type found in the gastric mucosa and is present throughout the antrum and body of the stomach.

CHIEF (PEPTIC) CELLS

Gastric Atrophy is the end stage of a chronic inflammatory process, starting with superficial gastritis and progressing through atrophic gastritis of increasing severity. Describe the appearance of “Atrophic Gastritis” in its chronic stage. (5 POINTS)

- mucosa is more obviously reddened and thinned with extension of the Infiltrate in the Lamina Propria to the deeper layers about the glands and there is often atrophy of the glands with particular loss of Parietal cells.

The sphincteric orifice that opens into the duodenum.

PYLORUS

This occurs in either the duodenum or in the stomach approximately 98-99% and is among the commonest of clinical problems in affluent societies.

CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCER

In chronic atrophic gastritis, there is often atrophy of the glands with particular loss of what cells?

PARIETAL CELLS

The most important and most common malignant tumors that occur in the stomach and represents as the most intriguing puzzles in oncology.

GASTRIC CARCINOMA

An acute mucosal inflammatory process usually of transient in nature and maybe accompanied by hemorrhage into the mucosa.

INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH

Malignant tumor that may occur anywhere in the stomach but about half arise in the pyloric region and ¼ in the body and fundus of the stomach.

GASTRIC CARCINOMA

Describe the “Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis” (5 POINTS)

-familial malformation characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the circular muscle of the Muscularis Propria of the pylorus

Gastric lesion wherein the mucosa is more reddened and thinned with extension of the infiltrate in the lamina propria and to the deeper layers about the glands.

ATROPHIC GASTRITIS

They are most often solitary lesions that occur in any level of the GIT exposed by the aggressive action of acid-peptic juices.

PEPTIC ULCER

About how many percent of colonic diverticula is the occurrence in the sigmoid colon?

95%

Though Intussusception is most often encountered in infants, this may also happened in adult age group. Site an example that may predispose to the formation of Intussusception in adults? (5 POINTS)

The usual site of occurrence of Hirschsprung’s disease?

SIGMOID COLON&RECTUM

9. Describe the appearance of a “Colonic Diverticula” (10 POINTS)

- represents herniation of the mucosa through the muscle coat at points of weakness,specially between the longitudinal taeniae and where the circular muscle is weakened by the segmental blood vessels that pierce in two rows on each side of the colon.

This tumor of the Small Intestine grow in a napkin-ring encircling pattern in which in the late stage, they spread to regional nodes, liver, lungs and other distal organs.

CARCINOMA TUMOR

Commonly used to explain such transient trivial complaints as “sour stomach”, dyspepsia and indigestion.

GASTRITIS

This may arise because of organic or functional obstruction of the pylorus with the wall of the stomach markedly thinned.

GASTRIC DILATATION

Acute Gastritis frequently associated with;

1. Heavy smoking 2. Excessive alcohol consumption 3. Uremia 4. Gastric Irradiation 5. Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

Midterms Flashcards

(78 cards)