Respi Sys 1.1

Question 1

Patchy consolidation of the lung is the dominant characteristic of __

Answer 1

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (LOBULAR PNEUMONIA)

Question 2

This parenchymal infection usually represents an extension of a pre-existing Bronchitis or Bronchiolitis.

Answer 2

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (LOBULAR PNEUMONIA)

Question 3

It is an extremely common disease that tends to occur in the more vulnerable two extremes of
life— infancy and old age.

Answer 3

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (LOBULAR PNEUMONIA)

Question 4

consist of a non-specific, suppurative inflammatory response in a loose
alveolar tissue that offers little resistance of the accumulation of large amounts of exudates as well as free avenue of spread.

Answer 4

Bronchopneumonia

Question 5

Well-developed lesion are slightly elevated, dry, granular, gray-red to yellow and poorly delimited
at their margins that vary in size up to ___ cm in diameter.

Answer 5

Bronchopneumonia
3-4

Question 6

When caused by such pyogenic organisms as staphylococci, small abscesses can be seen.

Answer 6

Bronchopneumonia

Question 7

And with subsidence, the consolidation may resolve if there has been no abscess formation or may become organized to leave residual foci of fibrosis.

Answer 7

Bronchopneumonia

Question 8

Is an acute bacterial infection of a large portion of a lobe or of an entire lobe which tends to occur at any age but is relatively uncommon in infancy and in late life.

Answer 8

LOBAR PNEUMONIA

Question 9

Males are affected more often than females in the ratio of about ___ of all Lobar Pneumonias are caused by Pneumococci.

Answer 9

3 or 4 to 1 and about 90 to 95%

Question 10

consists in essence, of a widespread fibrinous suppurative consolidation of a large areas and even whole lobes of the lungs.

Answer 10

Lobar Pneumonia

Question 11

describes a local suppurative process within the lung characterized by necrosis of lung tissue which may develop at any age and are especially frequent in young adults.

Answer 11

Pulmonary Abscess

Question 12

Lung Abscess vary in diameter from a few millimeters to large cavities of __

Answer 12

5-6cm

Question 13

due to aspiration of infective material are much more common on the (R) side than on the (L) and are most often single.

Answer 13

Pulmonary abscesses

Question 14

Abscesses usually occur close to or in contact with the pleura that begin as a focus of inflammation followed in time by central necrosis.

Answer 14

Lung Abscess

Question 15

The manifestations of ___ are much like those of Bronchiectasis and are characterized principally by cough, fever and copious amounts of foul-smelling purulent or sanguineous (bloody) sputum.

Answer 15

Pulmonary abscesses

Question 16

is an acute or chronic communicable disease caused by “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” which principally involved the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in the body.

Answer 16

PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

Question 17

3 Strains of Tubercle Bacilli are Pathogenic for Man:

Answer 17

1. Human Strain
2. Bovine Strain
3. Avian Strain

Question 18

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is an acute or chronic communicable disease caused by ___ which principally involved the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in the body.

Answer 18

“Mycobacterium Tuberculosis”

Question 19

They may affect any part of the lung and be single or multiple.

Answer 19

Lung Abscess

Question 20

The ___ is transmitted to a susceptible ___ host usually by inhalation of infective droplets coughed or sneezed into the air by a patient with acute or chronic tuberculosis who has open lesions.

Answer 20

Human strain
(unresistant)

Question 21

The ___ are highly resistant to drying and remain viable even in dried sputum particles for weeks.

Answer 21

Bacilli

Question 22

If infective sputum remains moist, viability may persist for months.

Answer 22

Bacili

Question 23

The __ is transmitted by milk from diseased cows and so first produces intestinal tuberculosis.

Answer 23

Bovine strain

Question 24

For all practical purpose, the __ can be considered to be non-pathogenic for man.

Answer 24

Avian strain

Question 25

* is causative agent which is a slender curved rod averaging 4 micrometer in length and less than 1 micrometer in diameter.

Answer 25

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Question 26

includes several conditions in which an interstitial reaction in the lung is believed to be immunologically mediated by an external antigens.

Answer 26

HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS

Question 27

TWO WELL RECOGNIZED TYPES OF “HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS”

Answer 27

1. Inhalant Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis 2. Drug Reaction Pneumonitis

Question 28

A classic example of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis due to inhalation is so-called __

Answer 28

“Farmer’s Lung Disease

Question 29

induced by drugs is less well characterized, except perhaps for the reaction to the metabolic Nitrofurantoin.

Answer 29

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Question 30

The reaction occur while the drug is discontinued and can be induced by readministration of the compound.

Answer 30

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Question 31

is preeminent (importance) among great variety of tumors that may arise in the most often in and about the Hilus of the lung.

Answer 31

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA:

Question 32

Bronchogenic Carcinoma id about __ of the lesions take origin from first, second and third order bronchi.

Answer 32

¾

Question 33

In its development, carcinoma of the lung begins as an areas of in situ cytologic atypia which, over an unknown interval of time, yields a small area of thickening or pilling up of the bronchial mucosa.

Answer 33

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

Question 34

With progression, this small focus, usually less than __ in area assumes the appearance of an irregular, warty excrescence that elevates or erodes the lining epithelium.

Answer 34

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA 1cm

Question 35

Pleura depending upon their stage and causative agent, can be divided on the basis of the character of the resultant exudates into ___

Answer 35

Serous, Fibrinous, Sero-fibrinous, Suppurative and Hemorrhagic Pleuritis.

Question 36

Inflammation of the Pleura

Answer 36

(Pleuritis/Pleurisy)

Question 37

a disease that results from exposure to material generated from harvested, humid, warm hay, which permit the rapid proliferation of fungi and bacteria.

Answer 37

Farmer's Lungs Disease

Question 38

A frank, purulent exudates usually implies bacterial or mycotic seeding of the pleural space.

Answer 38

SUPPURATIVE PLEURITIS (EMPYEMA)

Question 39

Most commonly, the contamination occurs by contiguous spread of organisms from intrapulmonary suppuration but occasionally it occurs by lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination from a more distant infection.

Answer 39

SUPPURATIVE PLEURITIS (EMPYEMA)

Question 40

is characterized by yellow-green creamy pus that may accumulate in large volumes (up to ___ml.), but usually in smaller amounts than the serous reactions described.

Answer 40

Empyema 500-1000

Question 41

may resolve, but this fortunate outcome is less common than organization of the exudates, with the formation of dense, tough fibrous adhesions that frequently totally obliterate the pleural space.

Answer 41

Empyema

Question 42

Sometimes a thick, dense connective tissue layer is formed that envelops the lungs and seriously embarrasses pulmonary expansion.

Answer 42

Suppurative Pleuritis (Empyema)

Question 43

Non inflammatory collection of serous, clear and straw-colored fluid within the pleural cavity is called

Answer 43

HYDROTHORAX

Question 44

The most common cause of Hydrothorax is cardiac failure, and for this reason, it is usually accompanied by __.

Answer 44

pulmonary congestion and edema

Question 45

The escape of blood into the pleural cavity is known as

Answer 45

HEMOTHORAX

Question 46

is readily identifiable by the large clots that accompany the fluid component of the blood.

Answer 46

Pure Hemothorax

Question 47

Since this calamity almost invariably leads to death within minutes to hours, it is uncommon to find any response within the pleural cavity.

Answer 47

Hemathorax

Question 48

Rarely, leakage of smaller amounts may not prove fatal promptly and provides a stimulus to organization and development of pleural adhesions.

Answer 48

Hemathorax

Question 49

Refers to air or gas in the pleural cavity which may be Spontaneous, Traumatic or Therapeutic and is most commonly associated with Emphysema, Asthma and Tuberculosis.

Answer 49

PNEUMOTHORAX

Question 50

may complicate any form of pulmonary disease that causes rupture of an alveolus.

Answer 50

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Question 51

An __ that communicates either directly with the pleural space or with the lung interstitial tissue may also lead to the escape of air in which the air may dissect through the lung substance or back through the mediastinum eventually to enter the pleural cavity.

Answer 51

abscess cavity

Question 52

is usually caused by some perforating injury to the chest wall, but sometimes the trauma pierces the lung to provide two avenues for the accumulation of air within the pleural cavity.

Answer 52

Traumatic Pneumothorax

Question 53

was once a commonly practice method of deflating the lung to favor the healing of a tuberculous lesion.

Answer 53

Therapeutic Pneumothorax

Question 54

is the designation given to inflammation of the nasal cavities.

Answer 54

Rhinitis

Question 55

The etiology of Rhinitis is based upon the interplay of ___

Answer 55

viruses, bacteria and allergens.

Question 56

These viral agents commonly evoke a profuse catarrhal discharge that is familiarly recognized as the beginning of a cold.

Answer 56

Rhinitis

Question 57

In other instances, the __ maybe initiated by sensitivity reactions to one of a large group of allergens, perhaps most commonly, the pollens.

Answer 57

acute rhinitis

Question 58

* During the initial ___, the nasal mucosa is thickened, edematous and pale-gray to red depending upon of hyperemia (congestion) with the nasal cavities narrowed and turbinates are enlarged.

Answer 58

acute stages of Rhinitis

Question 59

Inflammation of the nasal accessory sinuses are closely related to Rhinitis.

Answer 59

SINUSITIS

Question 60

Almost invariably, acute inflammatory involvement of the nasal cavities precedes and leads to the infections and inflammations of the air sinuses by __

Answer 60

obstructing the drainage orifices of the sinuses.

Question 61

• The etiologic considerations are therefore the same as those describes in Rhinitis.

Answer 61

Sinusitis

Question 62

• The early acute phase of an acute sinusitis recapitulate the changes described in the nasal cavity.

Answer 62

Sinusitis

Question 63

• The edema of the lining epithelium may completely obstruct the drainage orifice of thesinus and, if the sinus fills up with mucus, may lead to __.

Answer 63

Mucocele

Question 64

PNEUMOTHORAX Refers to air or gas in the pleural cavity which may be __

Answer 64

Spontaneous, Traumatic or Therapeutic and is most commonly associated with Emphysema, Asthma and Tuberculosis.

Question 65

Occasionally, when such fluid is present for a long time, it causes fibrous thickening and opacity of the pleural serosa but rarely bridging adhesions.

Answer 65

Hydrothorax

Question 66

which maybe unilateral or bilateral depending upon the underlying etiology.

Answer 66

Hydrothorax