The interaction between information technology and organizations is influenced
a. Solely by the decision making of middle and senior managers
b. By the development of new information technologies
c. By many factors, including structure, politics, culture and environment
d. By two main macroeconomic forces: capital and labor
e. By the rate of growth of the organization
c. By many factors, including structure, politics, culture and environment
Which of the following statements about organizations is not true
a. An organization is a stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs
b. An organization is a formal, legal entity with internal rules and procedures that must abide by laws
c. An organization is a collection of people and other social elements
d. An informal group of can be considered to be an organization
e. An organization is a collection of rights, privileges, obligations and responsibilities delicately balanced over a period of time through conflict and conflict resolution
d. An informal group of can be considered to be an organization
According to the __ definition of organizations, an organization is seen as a means by which capital and labor are transformed by the organization into outputs to the environment
a. Microeconomic
b. Macroeconomic
c. Sociotechnical
d. Behavioral
e. Psychological
a. Microeconomic
Which of the following statements about the technical view of organizations is not true?
a. It sees information systems as a way to rearrange the inputs and outputs of the organization
b. It sees capital and labor as primary production factors
c. It emphasizes group relationships, values and structures
d. It sees the organization as a social structure similar to a machine
e. It sees the inputs and outputs, labor and capital, as being infinitely malleable
e. It sees the inputs and outputs, labor and capital, as being infinitely malleable
“technical view of organizations” = góc nhìn kỹ thuật về tổ chức.
Góc nhìn này xem tổ chức như một cỗ máy → có đầu vào (inputs: nguyên liệu, thông tin, vốn, lao động) → xử lý → đầu ra (outputs: sản phẩm, dịch vụ).
E) Điều này không đúng với góc nhìn kỹ thuật, vì:
Which of the following is not a major feature of organizations that impacts the use of information systems?
a. Business processes
b. Environments
c. Goals
d. Agency costs
e. Leadership styles
d. Agency costs
Các đặc điểm lớn của tổ chức (impact IS):
Còn “Agency costs” là gì?
Vậy nên, D là đáp án đúng → nó không phải “major feature” theo định nghĩa trong lý thuyết.
Under Mintzberg’s classification of organizational structure, knowledge-based organizations fall under the category of
a. Entrepreneurial structures
b. Divisionalized bureaucracies
c. Professional bureaucracies
d. Adhocracies
e. Machine bureaucracies
c. Professional bureaucracies
Mintzberg chia cấu trúc tổ chức ra 5 loại chính:
Tại sao “knowledge-based organizations” = Professional bureaucracy?
Mintzberg classifies a large bureaucracy existing in a slowly changing environment that produces standard products and is dominated by centralized management as a __ bureaucracy
a. Machine
b. Professional
c. Divisionalized
d. Multidivisional
e. Adhoc
a. Machine
Which of the following is an example of a divisionalized bureaucracy?
a. Startup firm
b. University
c. Fortune 500 firm
d. Midsize manufacturer
e. Consulting firm
c. Fortune 500 firm
Along with capital, __ is the primary production input that the organization uses to create products and services
a. Structure
b. Culture
c. Politics
d. Feedback
e. Labor
e. Labor
The divergent viewpoints about how resources, rewards and punishments should be distributed and the struggles resulting from these differences are known as organizational
a. Culture
b. Politics
c. Structure
d. Environments
e. Routines
b. Politics
Từ khóa: “Divergent viewpoints” (quan điểm khác nhau) + “resources, rewards, punishments” (tài nguyên, thưởng, phạt) + “struggles” (xung đột)
Politics (chính trị nội bộ) → nói về quyền lực, lợi ích, tranh giành ảnh hưởng trong tổ chức.
Which of the following statements about disruptive technologies is not true?
a. Disruptive technologies radically change the business landscape and environment
b. Disruptive technologies may substitute products that perform better than other products currently being produced
c. Disruptive technologies may sometimes simply extend the marketplace
d. Disruptive technologies may put entire industries out of business
e. Firms that invent disruptive technologies as first movers always become market leaders
e. Firms that invent disruptive technologies as first movers always become market leaders
True or False
All organizations have bedrock, unquestioned assumptions that define their goals and products
True
“Bedrock, unquestioned assumptions” = những giả định nền tảng, gần như bất thành văn.
Nó định hình mục tiêu, sản phẩm, cách vận hành của tổ chức.
Mọi tổ chức đều có — dù không ghi ra giấy — và mấy cái này ảnh hưởng mạnh tới cách ra quyết định, tiếp cận thị trường, hay chọn chiến lược.
True or False
Routines are also called standard operating procedures
True
When a firm buys on the marketplace what it cannot make itself, the costs incurred are referred to as
a. Switching costs
b. Network costs
c. Procurement
d. Agency cost
e. Transaction costs
e. Transaction costs
According to agency theory, the firm is viewed as a(n):
a. Unified, profit-maximizing entity
b. Task force organization that must respond to rapidly changing environments
c. Entrepreneurial endeavor
d. “Neuxus of contracts” among self-interested individuals
e. Entrepreneurial structure
d. “Neuxus of contracts” among self-interested individuals
Theo agency theory (lý thuyết ủy quyền), công ty không được nhìn như một cỗ máy thống nhất đâu, mà là một “nexus of contracts” — tức là tập hợp những hợp đồng, thỏa thuận giữa các cá nhân tự vụ lợi (self-interested individuals).
Nói trắng ra:
According to research on organizational resistance, the 4 components that must be changed in an organization in order to successfully implement a new information system are:
a. Environment, organization, structure, tasks
b. Technology, people, culture and structure
c. Organization, culture, management and environment
d. Tasks, technology, people and structure
e. Costs, tasks, structure and management
d. Tasks, technology, people and structure
Câu hỏi nói tới research on organizational resistance — tức là nghiên cứu về lý do tổ chức chống lại thay đổi khi triển khai hệ thống thông tin mới.
Theo mô hình chuẩn, muốn triển khai thành công thì phải thay đổi đồng bộ 4 yếu tố:
Which model is used to describe the interaction of external forces that effect an organization’s strategy and ability to compete?
a. Network economics model
b. Competitive forces model
c. Competitive advantage model
d. Demand control model
e. Agency costs model
b. Competitive forces model
Michael Porter đưa ra 5 “thế lực cạnh tranh” từ bên ngoài mà bất kỳ công ty nào cũng phải đối mặt:
Which of the following marketplace forces would be of at least concern to a manufacturer of deep-sea oil rigs?
a. Product differentiation
b. Traditional competitors
c. Low number of suppliers
d. New market entrants
e. Low number of customers
d. New market entrants
Walmart’s attempt to increase its online presence is an example of a firm using information systems to
a. Strengthen ties to its customers
b. Simplify the industry value chain
c. Develop synergies
d. Focus on market niche
e. Achieve low-cost leadership
e. Achieve low-cost leadership
Low-cost leadership (theo Porter) = dùng công nghệ & quy trình để giảm chi phí vận hành → từ đó bán giá thấp hơn nhưng vẫn lời.
A firm can exercise greater control over its suppliers by having
a. More suppliers
b. Fewer suppliers
c. Global suppliers
d. Local suppliers
e. Only a single supplier
a. More suppliers
The ability to offer individually tailored products or services using the same production resources as bulk production is known as
a. Mass Marketing
b. Micromarketing
c. Micro customization
d. Niche customization
e. Mass customization
e. Mass customization
Which of the following is not a true statement about value webs?
a. Value webs involve a collection of independent firms that use information technology to coordinate their value chains
b. Value webs are more customer-driven than traditional value chains
c. Value webs operate in a less linear fashion than traditional value chains
d. Value webs are inflexible and cannot adapt quickly to changes in supply and demand
e. Value webs involve highly synchonized industry value chains
d. Value webs are inflexible and cannot adapt quickly to changes in supply and demand
Value web = một mạng lưới các công ty độc lập, kết nối qua công nghệ để phối hợp hoạt động & tạo giá trị.
Khác với value chain truyền thống (chuỗi tuyến tính), value web linh hoạt, phản ứng nhanh với thay đổi thị trường.
Nó thường customer-driven (hướng tới nhu cầu khách hàng), và các công ty trong mạng có thể sắp xếp lại mối quan hệ khi cần.
Which of the following best illustrates the use of information systems to focus on market niche?
a. A car mnufacturer’s Web site that lets you customize features on the car you are purchasing
b. A restaurant chain analyzing local sales figures to determine which menu items to serve
c. A bookseller selling an e-book reader that reads only the bookseller’s books
d. A department store creating specialized products for preferred customers
e. A clothes manufacturer expanding its offerings to new styles
d. A department store creating specialized products for preferred customers
Focus on market niche = dùng hệ thống thông tin để phục vụ một nhóm khách hàng cụ thể với nhu cầu đặc thù.
Ví dụ câu D → cửa hàng bách hóa tạo sản phẩm chuyên biệt cho khách hàng ưu tiên → đúng nghĩa “market niche”.
Câu C → bán máy đọc sách chỉ đọc được sách của mình = lock-in strategy (chiến lược khóa khách hàng vào hệ sinh thái của mình).
→ Đây thuộc dạng strengthen customer loyalty hoặc increase switching costs (tăng chi phí chuyển đổi), chứ không phải chọn một “ngách” khách hàng rồi phục vụ chuyên sâu.
The value chain model:
a. Categorizes five related advantages for adding value to a firm’s products or services
b. Sees the supply chain as the primary activity for adding value
c. Categorizes four basic strategies a firm can use to enhance its value chain
d. HIghlights specific activities in the business where competitive strategies can best be applied
e. Enables more effective product differentiation
d. HIghlights specific activities in the business where competitive strategies can best be applied
Câu này chọn D vì Value Chain Model không phải chỉ nói chung chung về chiến lược hay lợi ích, mà nó xác định chính xác từng hoạt động trong doanh nghiệp (primary + support activities) để thấy nơi nào áp dụng chiến lược cạnh tranh là hiệu quả nhất.