- What are the two types of nephron - Which one has longer loops?

- Corticle & Medullary nephrons - Medullary

Module 11 Flashcards by Anson Lam

Short term regulation of blood pressure is done by which 2 things

Cardiovascular sys., Baroreceptor reflex

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Long term regulation of blood pressure is done by which 2 things

Kidneys, Blood volume alteration

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Baroreceptors constantly monitors___________

Mean Arterial Pressure

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As kidney is the regulator for blood volume, T/F insufficient blood volume can be compensated by kidney

F, only xs blood volume can be modulated by kidney but not the other way around

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Systolic pressure is also known as the _________pressure

Max.

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Diastolic pressure is also known as the _________pressure

Min.

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The mean pressure is about 1/3 higher than the_______pressure

Diastolic

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~____% of body weight is fluid

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The daily lymph volume is_____to_____L

3 to 5

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(ICF/ECF) contributes to the larger portion of total body water

ICF

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(ICF/ECF) has high K+ & low Na+

ICF

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(ICF/ECF) has low K+ & high Na+

ECF

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Na salts accounts for >_____% of total ECF osmolality

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K+ regulation is done by which hormone

Aldosterone

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________buffer system is the most abundant buffer in cells & plasma

protein

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Why is it important for almost all of the HCO3- to be reabsorped by the nephron ?

So that they can go back to the blood & continue buffering

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high altitude can cause respiratory(acidosis/alkalosis)

alkalosis

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The______is the outer portion of kidney

Cortex

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__________is the functioning unit of kidney

nephron

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What are the two types of nephron
Which one has longer loops?

Corticle & Medullary nephrons
Medullary

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In kidney, the net driver force pushes fluids out of capillary into the_____________

Bowman’s capsule

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What are the 3 main causes of left side heart failure

Myocardial infarction, hypertension, mitral valve regurgitation

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Which part of the nephron bends back in between the afferent and efferent arterioles as part of the juxtamedullary apparatus?

Descending loop of henle

Distal tubule

Proximal tubule

Bowman capsule

Collecting duct

Distal tubule

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Which of the following is TRUE about acid-base balance:

A high intake of dairy and meat will decrease acidity in bloodstream with someone with chronic kidney disease.

It is controlled through reabsorption of bicarbonate and secretion of hydrogen in the kidneys

pH is easily changed through dietary intake in a patient with normally functioning kidneys

It is controlled in the bloodstream through following an alkaline diet

Eating a diet high in lemons and limes will tip this to an acidic balance

It is controlled through reabsorption of bicarbonate and secretion of hydrogen in the kidneys

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The microbial cause of periodontal disease could be considered as a dysbiosis of the commensal oral microflora. Organisms that are found to be proportionally greater in the disease-associated consortium include all of the following EXCEPT: Porphyromonas gingivalis Saccharibacteria (TM7) Treponema denticola Prevotella intermedia Oral lactobacilli

Oral lactobacilli

Which of the following statements regarding mean arterial pressure is most CORRECT? It is the average pressure driving blood to the heart It is the average pressure driving blood forward into the tissues It is the pressure of blood leaving the heart It is a measure of the total blood volume It is influenced by heart rate and stroke volume only

It is the average pressure driving blood forward into the tissues

Which adrenergic receptors is Gi coupled (inhibitory) ?

- Which adrenergic receptors is Gq coupled - It (activates/inhibits)______

- A1 - Activates phospholipase C

- Which adrenergic receptors is Gs coupled - It is (activate/inhibit)_______

- B1 & B2 - Activates adenylyl cyclase

Changes to Cardiac Ouput & Total Peripheral Resistance can occur w/in_____heart beats in Baroreceptors reflexq

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is controlled by blood flow thru__________

Renal arterioles

T/F, body monitors the total ECF volume

F, body monitors volume of EFFECTIVE INTRAVASCULAR water instead.

- Fluids leave plasma at arteriole ends of capillaries due to outwards force of_____________ - Fluids returns to plasma at venle ends of capillaries due to inwards force of____________

- hydrostatic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure

Lymph fluids return into the blood system via_________

subclavian veins

conc. of plasma Na+ - >________mmol/L = Hypernatraemia - < ________mmol/L = Hyponatraemia

- 145 - 135

What is the fxn of Maculadensa in kidney ?

Detect Na & Cl levels in tubular fluid

The kidney can regulate the GFR at a relatively constant rate via which 2 mechanisms ?

Myogenic response, Tubuloglomerular feedback

The avg kidney filtration rate is ~____mL/min or ~____L/day

125, 180

List 2 substances that can be used to measure the plasma (renal) clearance rate

Inulin, Creatinine

_______% of filtered K+ are lost in urine

Plasma K+ - >_______mmol/L = hyperkalemia - <_______mmol/L = hypokalemia

- 5 - 3.5

List 4 important fxns of Calcium

Formation of teeth & bone, blood clotting factor, muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses

Phosphate (PO4-) is important for _____&______fxn

nerve & muscle

Normal plasma pH is ______to_______

7.35 to 7.45

Which one is the most important buffering sys in the body ?

Bicarbonate Buffer System

Which biological macromolecule can act as both acidic & basic buffer ?

protein

In kidney, - H+ secretion occurs in the_________tubule - Active H+ secretion (ATP dependent) occurs in______tubule & ___________, which is stimulated by the hormone_________

- proximal - late distal & collecting duct, aldosterone

In kidney, Filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed by reacting w/____in______

H+ in lumen

What is the MOST common cause of CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) ?

Diabetes (44%)

Protein needs of people in stage 5 chronic kidney disease on dialysis are: The same protein requirements as someone with stage 1 or 2 Chronic Kidney Disease Minimal protein to stop pressure on glomerulus Approximately double the protein requirements of stage 1 or 2 Chronic Kidney Disease. Approximately a quarter of the protein requirements of someone with stage 1 or 2 kidney disease. Approximately half of the protein requirements of stage 1 or 2 Chronic Kidney Disease

Approximately double the protein requirements of stage 1 or 2 Chronic Kidney Disease.

Which of the following is true about protein and kidney function? Bioavailability of plant based proteins is higher than animal based proteins and recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease. Patients in end stage renal failure require less protein than those in early stage due to reduce the pressure on the glomerulus If a patient with a reduced glomerular filtration rate has excess protein in their diet, it may cause glomerular hypertension. Protein is secreted in the distal tubule of the nephron Proteinuria is a sign of a normally functioning kidney

If a patient with a reduced glomerular filtration rate has excess protein in their diet, it may cause glomerular hypertension.

A patient comes in Chronic Kidney Disease and you notice that patient has swollen ankles. What nutrient is likely needing to be restricted? Calcium Phosphate Potassium Protein Sodium

Sodium

Which of the following electrolyte alterations can be caused by chronic kidney disease? Hypernatraemia, hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis Hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, metabolic acidosis Hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, metabolic alkalosis Hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, respiratory acidosis Hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, metabolic acidosis

Hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, respiratory acidosis

Which of the following would NOT be an expected sign of right-sided congestive heart failure? Hepatomegaly/Liver dysfxn Ankle oedema Jugular vein distension Digestive system oedema Systemic congestion Kidney failure Pulmonary oedema

Pulmonary oedema

Does angiotensin 2 (inc./dec.) blood pressure

inc.

List 5 effects of angiotensin 2

1. inc. sympathetic activity, 2. aldosterone secretion, 3. arterial vasoCONSTRICTION, 4. ADH secretion 5. Tubular Na reabsorption, K secretion

Angiotensin 2 (inc./dec.) water retention

inc.

Which of the following receptor types is the SLOWEST to result in a response? Kinase-linked receptors Ligand-gated ion channels G-protein coupled receptors Nuclear receptors Protein channel

Nuclear receptors

Which of the following receptor types is the FASTEST to result in a response? Kinase-linked receptors Ligand-gated ion channels G-protein coupled receptors Nuclear receptors Protein channel

Ligand-gated ion channels

Mean Arterial Pressure is the avg. pressure driving blood_________________

forward into tissues

Mean Arterial Pressure is determined by which 2 things

Cardiac Output & Total Peripheral Resistance

K+ is important for normal________&________fxn

neuromuscular & cardiac

Na+ is important for______fxn

neuromuscular

What are the 3 mechanisms the body regulate pH balance ?

1. Buffers 2. Lungs (Ventilation) 3. Kidneys

Right side heart failure is usually the result of___________

left side heart failure

When there is a change in blood pressure, the sympathetic neurons can act on which of the following to influence the heart rate? Smooth muscle cells of the arterioles Autorhythmic cells in the SA nodes Muscle cells of the heart ventricles Endothelial cells of the arterioles Endothelial cells of the veins

Autorhythmic cells in the SA nodes

Which are the three basic renal processes? Glomerular secretion, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion Glomerular reabsorption, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion Glomerular filtration, tubular filtration, tubular secretion Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion Glomerular reabsorption, tubular filtration, tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

What are common signs and symptoms of heart failure? Tachycardia Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Swelling Fatigue All options are correct

All options are correct

What is the symptom of left sided heart failure

Pulmonary oedema

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is specialized granular cells found_______________

in between afferent & efferent arterioles

Juxtaglomerular cells detect____________levels

Na+ & Cl-

Why does low serum albumin can cause third spacing

Low serum albumin create colloid pressure which keeps water from leaving the bloodstream

Which 4 mechanisms can cause third spacing

1. massive inflammation 2. venous obstruction 3. inc. blood volume 4. low serum albumin

Pulmonary odema is an example of_______spacing

second

Why are protein requirements adjusted for someone on dialysis? To prevent glomerulus hypertension To reduce blood pressure To prevent osteoporosis To prevent protein malnutrition To prevent proteinuria

To prevent protein malnutrition

What proportion of dietary K+ is excreted in the urine? 1% 50% 5% 90% 30%

90%

Which of the following drugs may cause reversible gingival hyperplasia? Ibuprofen Amlodipine Propranolol Irbesaratan Simvastatin

Amlodipine (Ca channel blocker)

Most of the water in the body is located in the Intracellular fluid Plasma Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Lymph

Intracellular fluid

MAP=____x_____

COxTPR

_____% hypertension are essential (primary) hypertension

Which essential hypertension is associated w/ inc. peripheral vascular resistance

systolic/diastolic

What are the 3 types of essential (primary) hypertension

1. isolated systolic 2. systolic/diastolic 3. isolated diastolic

Which essential hypertension is associated w/ in. aortic stiffness

isolated systolic

Which essential hypertension is more commonly seen in young ppl

isolated distolic

List 2 causes of secondary hypertension

1. Renal parenchymal dz 2. Renal artery stenosis

T/F, ICF is regulated @ the level of individual cells

________salts account for > 90% of ECF osmolarity

Na is important for the fxn of which 2 things

nerve & muscle

K+ is important for the fxn of which 3 things

nerve, muscle, cardiac

Blood pH: acidosis <______ alkalosis >_______

7.35 7.45

a1 adrenergic receptor is coupled by G__

a2 adrenergic receptor is coupled by G__

b1 adrenergic receptor is coupled by G__

b2 adrenergic receptor is coupled by G__

drugs use in alzheimer's dz inhibit the breakdown of__________

acetylcholine

_________is a receptor AGONITST that can be used in smoking cessation

Varenicline

ACE inhibitors inhibit the conversion of________to________

angiotension 1 to 2

Angiotensin 2 receptor Antagonist is also known as__________

sartan

Renal failure can cause oedema because of : Increase in extracellular fluid volume Increased capillary permeability Increased lymph flow Decreased blood pressure Increase in intracellular fluid volume

Increase in extracellular fluid volume

Module 11 Flashcards

(99 cards)