DMD 1 > Module 13 > Flashcards

Module 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ischaemia is (always/not always) pathogenic
Hypoxia is (always/not always) pathogenic

A
  • always
  • not always
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2
Q

Neuronal electrical failure dvlp @_____% normal cerebral blood flow is

A

30

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3
Q

Membrane failure dvlp @______% normal cerebral blood flow

A

15

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4
Q

Most embolic strokes are due to___________

A

cerebral arterial atherothrombosis

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5
Q

What are the 3 levels of motor controls

A

Cortical, Subcortical, Spinal Cord

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6
Q

Which level of motor control is responsible for mvmt initiation & regulation

A

Subcortical

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7
Q

Which level of motor control is responsible for reflex mvmt

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

Which level of motor control is responsible for conscious/voluntary mvmt

A

Cortical

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9
Q

The masseter jaw jerk reflex test which 2 components ?

A

Motor neuron of mand. trigeminal nerve & Mesencephalic nucleus of V

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10
Q

Extrafusal fiber is innvervated by_____motor neurons

A

Alpha

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11
Q

Gamma motor neurons are co-activated by______motor neurons

A

Alpha

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12
Q

Why a healthy person would not have masseter jaw jerk reflex ?

A

(The reflex arc itself exist) BUT It is tonically inhibited by higher cortical input

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13
Q

What are the 3 classifications of seizures

A

Partial (focal), generalized, unclassified

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14
Q
  • Idiopathic epilepsy usually have (normal/abnormal) findings in neurological imagings
  • symptomatic epilepsy usually have (normal/abnormal) findings in neurological imagings
A
  • normal
  • abnormal
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15
Q

What are the 4 main subtypes of stroke

A
  1. Large artery……thrombosis (ischaemic)
  2. Small penetrating artery occlusion (ischaemic)
  3. Embolism (ischaemic)
  4. Haemorrhagic
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16
Q

Which type of stroke is commonly clinically silent & can lead to Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)

A

Small Penetrating Artery Occlusion

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17
Q

What are the 3 things that can be observed weeks after brain infarct

A
  1. Cavitation
  2. Glial scar
  3. Haemosiderin-laden microphages
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18
Q

Most embolism infarcts are found in____________artery territory

A

middle cerebral

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19
Q

What is the major risk factory for haemorrhage type stroke ?

A

Hypertension

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20
Q

~______% of stroke survivors will have a disability

A

88

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21
Q

The 4 mechanisms of epilepsy are the changes in__________ , ___________ , ____________ , ____________

A

ion channel conduction, membrane receptor response, messenger systems, gene transcription

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22
Q

About______% of ppl achieve seizure ctrl w/ monotherapy

A

60

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23
Q

~_____% of seizure/epilepsy has a defined cause

A

30

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24
Q
  • Meds can be titrated downwards after____years seizure free over several months
  • Patients cannot drive until______months drug free
A
  • 2
  • 3
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25
What epilepsy is the most common in adults
Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy
26
- The first line of therapy for partial seizure is_________ - The first line of therapy for generalized seizure is________
- Carbamazepine - Sodium Valproate
27
__________is the earliest sign of toxicity for carbamazepine
double vision
28
What are the 3 most common side effects for sodium valproate ?
sedation, hair loss, weight gain
29
Lamotrigine needs to be stopped immediately if_______dvlps
rash
30
Ethosuxamide is the first line therapy for what kind of seizure
Absence seizure prophylaxis
31
Vigabatrin is used ONLY for what seizure
Refractory epilepsy
32
- Diabetic hyperosmolar syndrome happens when blood glucose is_____mmol/L or higher - It left untreated, it can lead to_____
- 33.3 - Coma
33
Ketoacidosis occurs when blood sugar lv is ~______mmol/L
13.9
34
Nitrous Oxide is generally considered (safe/unsafe) for epileptic patients
Safe
35
Which one of the following statements is correct in relation to cortisol? It is about 50% bound to corticosteroid binding globulin It is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex It inhibits gluconeogenic enzyme synthesis in the liver It stimulates adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion It increases the vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline
It increases the vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline
36
What is the primary role of the alpha motor neurons in the stretch reflex arc? Detecting stretch in muscles Innervating extrafusal muscle fibers to cause contraction Relaying sensory information to the brain Modulating sensory inputs Inhibiting antagonistic muscles
Innervating extrafusal muscle fibers to cause contraction
37
Incontinence occurs in (syncope/seizure)
seizure
38
What is a possible oral complication of epileptic drugs
gingival overgrowth
39
Epilepsy has a mortalit______times the standardised mortality rate
2-3
40
clonic means what mvmts in epilepsy
rhythmic mvmts
41
myoclonic means what mvmts in epilepsy
jerk
42
Status epilepticus is a seizure that last longer than__________
5 minutes
43
Which dental anomaly is MOST likely to occur in people with orofacial cleft disorders? Macrodontia Tooth fusion Enamel hypoplasia Dens invaginatus Agenesis of a dental follicle
Agenesis of a dental follicle
44
What are 2 main types of strokes
1. ischeamic 2. haemorhagic
45
_____% of stroke are ischaemic
88
46
What is the commonest site for large artery athero-thrombi
Extracranial vessels (especailly internal carotid artery near bifurcation)
47
What are 2 common sites for athero-thrombi in intracranial vessels
middle cerebral artery, basilar artery
48
What are 4 things can be observed in acute brain infarct (<= 2 days)
1. Softening 2. Swelling secondary to odema 3. Infiltration of neutrophils 4. Ischemic neuronal damage
49
Monosynaptic activation of reflex lead to contraction of_________
homonymous muscle
50
Polysynaptic activation leads to direct relaxation of_________
antagonist muscle
51
In the muscle spindle of masseter, sensory cells make________connection w/ motor neurons w/in the_________
monosynaptic, trigeminal motor nucleus
52
What is the definition of tonic clonic seizure
stiffening then jerking, loss of consciusness
53
What is the definition of myoclonic seizure
brief, shock-like jerks
54
What is the definition of epilepsy
At least 2 unprovoked seizures > 24 hr apart
55
________% epilepsy are idiopathic (no identifiable cause)
60-70
56
Does juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have good prognosis ?
Yes (w/ valporate)
57
Is prognosis better for (idiopathic/symptomatic) epilepsy
idiopathic
58
Is prognosis better for (focal/generalized) epilepsy
generalized
59
________% of epilepsy have good controlled & prognosis
70
60
Refractory seizure is also known as____________seizure
drug-resistant
61
What are the 2 surgical tx for refractory seizure
1. temporal lobectomy 2. focal cortical resection
62
Temporal lobectomy leads to_______% seizure freedom
60-70
63
focal cortical resection lead to_______% seizure freedom
40-60
64
seizures/epilepsy involved the imbalances between what and what neurotransmitters
excitory & inhibitory
65
Excess levels of which 3 neurotransmitters can precipitate seizures
Ach, Noradrenaline, serotonin
66
DMD 1
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