- Haematopoiesis means_____________ - It occurs in________

- pdtion of blood - bone marrow

- Does platelets have nucleus - Does platelets have organelles

- No - Yes (mitochondria, smooth ER, vesicles)

Module 14 Flashcards by Anson Lam

T/F, blood is a connective tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

plasma makes up______% of blood volume and red blood cell makes up______% of blood volume

58, 42

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The largest protein component of blood is__________, which contributes ~____% of all blood protein

albumin, 55-60

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Proteins in blood are mostly made up which organ ?

Liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Haematopoiesis means_____________
It occurs in________

pdtion of blood
bone marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Haemostasis is the process to_____________

stop bleeding when injury occurs to blood vessel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(Haemophilia A/B) is more common and contribute to_______% of cases

Haemophilia A, 80-85

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fibrin is broken down by which enzyme during clot dissolution

Plasmin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood is a connective tissue made up of cellular elements suspended in an_______________called plasma

Extracellular Fluid matrix

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F, plasma act as a buffer between cell and external enviorn.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A 70kh person has ~5L of blood. ___L of which are cells & ___L of which are plasma

2, 3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is protein considered a major component of blood ?

Yes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The blood is____% water &______% protein

92, 7

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____________create high osmotic pressure, which is important for fluid mvmt out of tissues to counter fluid mvmt into tissues by blood pressure

Albumins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Does RBC has nucleus
Does EBC has organelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Does platelets have nucleus
Does platelets have organelles

No
Yes (mitochondria, smooth ER, vesicles)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A RBC normally lives in the blood for______months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Main component of RBC is__________

haemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 subtypes of lymphocytes

B, T, NK cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Monocytes have (high/low) abundance and (long/short) life spans

low, long

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neutrophils have (high/low) abundance and (long/short) lifespan

high, short

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________is the most abundant out of the 5 WBC

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which WBC can release pyogens to cause fever

neutrophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lifespan of platelets in blood is about________days

7-10

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Erythropoiesis (pdtion of RBC) is controlled by which glycoprotein

EPO (erythropoietin)

EPO (erythropoietin) is produced in which organ

kidney

What are the 3 steps of haemostasis

(Primary haemostasis) 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Formation of Platelet Plug (Secondary haemostasis) 3. Coagulation

Exposed_______binds & activates platelets

Collagen

Coagulation is the result of conversion of fibrinogen into_______

fibrin

- What are the 3 coagulation pathways

- Extrinsic, intrinsic, common

Which factor is affected in Haemophilia A

III

Which factor is affected in Haemophilia B

- What are the symptoms of Haemophilia A - What are the symptoms of Haemophilia B

- Bleeding, unstable clots - Bleeding

In clot dissolution, plasminogen is converted to Plasmin by________

tPA

The structural component of blood vessel endothelium

Heparan Sulfate (A glycocalyx)

Thrombosis is the_________formation of blood clots

pathological (uncontrolled or excessive)

Embolism are blood clots that___________________

break off & lodge downwards & results in further problems

(Arterial/Venous) embolism can cause a stroke

Arterial

Arterial thrombosis is also known as (white/red) clot

white

Venous thrombosis is also known as (white/red) clot

red

Give an example of vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant

Warfarin

Dabigatran is a_____________inhibitor

Direct thrombin

Patients need to stop taking warfarin________days before a procedure

Patients need to stop taking NOAC_________hours before procedure

24-72

Patients need to stop taking antiplatelets_________days before procedure

5-7

When is tranexanic acid 4.8% mouthwash used

- Apply topically just b4 surgery - Home use for 2 days after procedure

- Tranexamic acid 4.8% mouthwash is an anti________agent - Its fxn is to stabilize_________

- Antifibrinolytic - blood clot

Where does B cell mature

bone marrow

What does megakaryocyte produce

Platelet (thrombocyte)

Which part of lymph node contains predominantly T cells

Cortical region

What does megakaryocyte produce

Platelet (thrombocyte)

Most of the lymphoma are of (B/T) cell

Mycosis fungoides is a type of____________lymphoma

cutaneous T cell

T/F, cancer including leukemia & lymphoma is a clonal disorder

(Kappa/Lambda) lightchain is likely malignancy & is resistant to apoptosis

Lambda

Indolent has a median survival of______years

Aggressive/highly aggressive lymphoma has a mortality rate of_______% in 2 years

Bone pain is a symptom of (Acute/Chronic) Leukemia

Acute

Acute Leukemia is a clonal disorder arise from hematopoietic progenitors, it usually dvlp at either which 2 pathways

lymphoid, myeloid

Acute leukemia is characterized by the accumulation of____________cells

immature blastic

More blast cell will be seen in (Acute/Chronic) leukemia

Acute

Chronic leukemia results from____________transformation of haematopoietic stem cell

neoplastic

Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia: - Neutrophils count (higher/lower/normal) - Platelets count (higher/lower/normal)

- lower - lower

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: - Neutrophils count (higher/lower/normal) - Platelets count (higher/lower/normal)

- normal ? - lower

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia can be caused by_________gene mutation

somatic

Anaemia is a symptom of (acute/chronic) leukemia

both

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be caused by an inc. in which anti-apoptosis protein ?

bcl-2

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia can be caused by gene mutation in which 2 tumor suppressor

ATM & p53

Blood monoclonal B-lymphocyte population of >_______ persisting at least 4 weeks will lead to the diagnosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

5 X 10^9

Imatinib can be a tx option for which kind of leukemia

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

________mutant is not responsive to either dasatinib or nilotinib

T315I

What is the most common cancer in kidney & liver transplantation due to long term immunosuppressive regimens following transplant

Skin

(B/T) cells are central to the process of transplantation rejection thru__________recognition of foreign antigens

T, allorecognition

What are the 3 types of T cell activation signals

1. Antigen specific 2. Antigen non specific 3. Cytokine stimulation

- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia can be caused by translocation of chromosomal material between chromosomes_____&_____ - This translocation results in the formation of a new hybrid gene known as_________

- 9, 12 - BCR-ABL

A 46 year old female presents to the clinic for wisdom tooth removal. She had stroke 2 years ago and currently under apixaban treatment. What is Apixaban? Factor X inhibitor von Willebrand Factor inhibitor Vitamin K agonist Activated Factor X inhibitor Vitamin K antagonist

Activated Factor X inhibitor

All of the following statements concerning haemophilia are true, EXCEPT? Prone to have an excessive bleeding from minor cuts The majority of people afflicted with haemophilia have Type A and are under the age of 25 Bleeding time is abnormally prolonged Haemophilia A and B are inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait by which males are affected and females are carriers Chronic complications include impaired renal function and osteoarthritis

Bleeding time is abnormally prolonged

A 28 years old female patient presented in the dental clinic with generalised diffused haemorrhagic enlargement of the gingiva. The patient was pale. On examination, the patient had mucosal pallor and multiple petechiae on the palate. Significant splenic enlargement was also noticed. The patient disclosed persistent low grade fever for 1 months and experienced pain in the right hip for 2 months. Which of the following diagnoses is the MOST LIKELY? Nifedipine induced gingival overgrowth Linear gingival erythema Acute myeloid leukaemia von Willebrand's disease Plaque induced gingivitis

Acute myeloid leukaemia

What is the primary role of thrombin? Activating platelet receptor VI Converting fibrinogen to fibrin Activating tissue factor Activating neutrophils Converting FXII to FXIIa

Converting fibrinogen to fibrin

Which of the following anticoagulants is impacted by Vitamin K intake? Fondaparinux Dabigatran Apixaban Warfarin Rivaroxaban

Warfarin

Platelet adhesion to collagen requires the presence of adequate functional Fibrin and plasminogen Thrombin and plasmin von Willebrand factor and glycoprotein Ib Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and ADP Fibrinogen and thrombin

von Willebrand factor and glycoprotein Ib

Erythrocytes are not fully functional cells and contain no nucleus. How can they still perform their function of transporting gasses round the body? They contain mitochondria to store energy and transport gases They have thin membranes and flexible cytoskeletons They express a large number of receptors on their surface They have a life span of 1-2 days so do not need a nucleus as turnover is high They migrate by exposure to cytokine gradients

They have thin membranes and flexible cytoskeletons

What triggers EPO release ?

Hypoxia

What is the rate limiting step of erythropoiesis

Enucleation: nucleus pinch off & phagocytosed by bone marrow macrophages

Nucleus shrink from 20um to_____um in erythropoiesis

7um

Growth & maturation of megakaryocytes are regulated by_______

TPO

Haematopoesis occur in ALL bones in the body until what age

von Willebrand factor is activated by________

high shear

What does Aspirin block ?

COX 1

Warfarin blocks vitamin____

What factors does warfarin inhibt

2, 7a, 9, 10

What factors does direct oral coagulants inhibit

2a, 10a

Which 2 anticoagulants are injected

heparin, fondaparinux

Which 3 anticoagulants inhibit factor 10a

Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Fondaparinux

What factors does heparin inhibit

2a, 10a

T/F, aspirin is antiplatelet

Which of the following is the most likely cause of an anaemia with a normal mean cell volume and inappropriately low reticulocyte count? Blood loss Pernicious anaemia Iron deficiency Chronic renal failure Haemolytic anaemia

Chronic renal failure

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells which can be found during the erythropoiesis procedure. Which of the following function can still be found in the reticulocyte? RNA synthesis DNA synthesis Mitosis Protein synthesis Meiosis

Protein synthesis

Which of the following statements is most correct with regards to neutrophils? They have a large single nucleus They release histamine and have a long life span They are associated with allergic reactions They are granulocytes that can phagocytose pathogens They are precursors to macrophages

They are granulocytes that can phagocytose pathogens

The dentist extracts the remaining teeth for the patient. The following measures could be considered to apply in order to control and prevent bleeding, EXCEPT: Extraction site packing with gelatin sponges Cepacaine (containing benzocaine) mouth rinse Biting on gauze Tranexamic acid mouth rinse Additional suturing

Cepacaine (containing benzocaine) mouth rinse

What is the first response of human body to raptured blood vessels? Vasodilation Platelet degranulation Intransic coagulation cascade activation Extrinsic coagulation cascade activation Vascular spasm

Vascular spasm

Which of the following initiates the coagulation cascade when you rupture a blood vessel? Tissue factor Prekallikrein Plasmin Factor XII Thrombin

Tissue factor

Which combination of factors results in the formation of a white thrombus? Platelet aggregation under low blood flow conditions Platelet aggregation under elevated shear blood flow conditions Leukocyte aggregation under low blood flow conditions Coagulation under low blood flow conditions Coagulation under elevated shear blood flow conditions

Platelet aggregation under low blood flow conditions

Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism of action of clopidogrel in platelet inhibition? Clopidogrel directly inhibits thrombin, preventing fibrin formation Clopidogrel inhibits the P2Y12 receptor, decreasing ADP-mediated platelet aggregation Clopidogrel inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) to reduce thromboxane A2 production Clopidogrel acts as a vitamin K antagonist, decreasing the synthesis of clotting factors Clopidogrel inhibits the tissue factor pathway, blocking the initiation of coagulation

Clopidogrel inhibits the P2Y12 receptor, decreasing ADP-mediated platelet aggregation

Which immunosuppressive drug deplete B cells

rituximab

Which immunosuppressive drug inhibits TNF

ethanercept

Which immunosuppressive drug inhibits IL-6

tocilizumon

Which immunosuppressive drug inhibits B-cell-T-cell interaction

alemtuzumab

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ develope in__________

thymus

A 69-year old lady visited the oral health clinic with the medical history of anaemia. She brought the medical examination results with her. Which of the following laboratory finding is associated with her anaemic condition? High white blood cells count Low Vit K level Shorten thrombin time Low Cobalamin level Increased bleeding time

Low Cobalamin level

Which of the following statements is the most correct about the bone marrow? Platelets bud off from monocytes into the blood vessels in the bone marrow It is the major site for RBC, WBC and platelet production in adults Only long bones are sites for haematopoiesis in the embryo It is a major source of immunoglobulins It contains coagulation factors that regulate haematopoiesis

It is the major site for RBC, WBC and platelet production in adults

There are several therapeutic strategies to prolong allograft survival or induce the tolerance of allografts, which strategy most likely involves central and peripheral deletional mechanisms as well as Treg regulation. Bone marrow cell transplantation for induction of kidney graft tolerance. Using IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes to induce Foxp3+ Tregs expansion and prolong allograft survival. Depletion of alloreactive T cells Blockades of the CD40-CD40L co-stimulatory pathway by anti-CD154 mAb to induce donor graft tolerance. Using CTLA-4 Ig/Fc to block the B7-CD28 co-stimulatory pathway for induction donor graft tolerance.

Bone marrow cell transplantation for induction of kidney graft tolerance.

What is the median age of onset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Which statement is correct with regards to the similarities/differences between haemostasis and thrombosis? vWF binding to platelets under high flow occurs in both haemostasis and thrombosis Only haemostasis occurs in response to stenosed vessels Fibrinogen allowing platelet-platelet aggregation can occur in both thrombosis and haemostasis Haemostasis and thrombosis both occur under high shear blood flow conditions Only thrombosis occurs in veins

Fibrinogen allowing platelet-platelet aggregation can occur in both thrombosis and haemostasis

Which of the following ions is involved in coagulation of blood? Fe3+ Fe2+ Ca2+ Na+ K+

Ca2+

If a patient has diarrhea, fluid loss would alter the relative amount of one of the cellular blood components. What resulting aspect of the blood would change and how? Haematocrit would increase Albumin would decrease Haematorcrit would decrease White blood cells would increase Buffy coat would increase

Haematocrit would increase

A 75-year old patient presents with multiple ecchymosis. He has had a joint infection two months ago and has been on broad spectrum antibiotics for 4 weeks. He lost his appetite recently and has poor nutrition diet. On investigation, his platelet count is normal, INR is prolonged, aPTT is prolonged. The MOST LIKELY diagnosis is Vitamin K deficiency Acute leukaemia Thrombocytopenia Haemophilia A Pernicious anaemia

Vitamin K deficiency

What would be elevated in the blood if a person had an allergic reaction? Basophils and eosinophils All granulocytes Monocytes and neutrophils Macrophages and moncytes B and T lymphocytes

Basophils and eosinophils

The T cell receptor (TCR) is a clonotypic antigen-specific receptor, that is critical to adaptive immune response, which of the following statement is generally considered as the most correct description? T cell activation only requires TCR recognises MHC-allo-peptide complex or allo MHC. TCR diversity is only due to V region diverse. TCR diversity is seen predominantly in the CDR3 region. TCR chain is diversity, but not TCR chain. All T cells in peripheral blood express the TCR complex.

TCR diversity is seen predominantly in the CDR3 region.

Module 14 Flashcards

(119 cards)