Module 2

Question 1

Levels of Theories

Answer 1

Single factor explanation, Interactionist explanations

Question 2

Single Factor Explanation

Answer 2

Attempts to trace the origins of a particular disorder to one factor (ex. single factor explanation of social anxiety may bet hat it runs in families)

Question 3

Interactionist Explanations

Answer 3

View behaviour as the product of the interaction of a variety of factors, generally make more satisfactory theories is describing mental disorders

Question 4

Three Essential Features of a Scientific Study

Answer 4

(1) They integrate most of what is currently known about the ohenomena in the simples way possible; (2) They make testable predictions about aspects of the oneomena that were not previously thought of; (3) They make it possible to specify what evidence would deny the theory

Question 5

Null Hypothesis

Answer 5

Essentially proposes that the prediction made from the theory is false

Question 6

Psychological Assesment

Answer 6

A systematic gathering and evaluation of information pertaining to an individual with suspected abnormal behaviour

Question 7

Test Retest Reliability

Answer 7

Refers to the degree to which a test yields the same results when it is given more than once to the same person

Question 8

Internal consistency

Answer 8

Refers to the degree of reliability within a test (ti what extent do different parts of the same test yield the same results)

Question 9

Split Half Reliability

Answer 9

Evaluated by comparing responses on odd numbered test items with responses on even numbered test items. If the scores for the responses are highly correlated, than the test has high split half reliability

Question 10

Coefficient Alpha

Answer 10

Calculated by averaging the intercorrelations of all items on a given test. The higher the coefficient alpha, the higher the internal consistency

Question 11

Face Validity

Answer 11

Whether a test appears to measure what it’s supposed to measure

Question 12

Content validity

Answer 12

Test must include a representative sample of all behaviours related to the construct

Question 13

Criterion Validity

Answer 13

A way to check if a test or measurement tool accurately predicts or relates to some specific outcome or criteria (eg. Testing whether a yardstick measures the length of an object correctly by comparing it to a known standard length)

Question 14

Construct Validity

Answer 14

Ensuring that a test measures the abstract concept or trait it claims to measure, like checking that a thermometer actually measures temperature accurately rather than something else like weigh tor height

Question 15

Clinical Approach

Answer 15

Guided by intuition because they value clinicians experience and personal judgement is used the most (They prefer to draw on al available data in their own manner; they are guided by intuition honed with professional experience rather than formal rules)

Question 16

Actuarial Approach

Answer 16

The human judge is eliminated and conclusions rest solely on empirically established relations between data and the condition or event of interest (This method is more efficient in making predictions in a variety of situations)

Question 17

Types of Assessments

Answer 17

Biological Assessments; Psychological Assessments; Behavioural and Cognitive Assessments

Question 18

Biological Assesments

Answer 18

Brain Imaging; Computer Tomography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), FMRI;Positron Emisson TOmography (PET); Neuropsychological Assesments

Question 19

Brain Imaging Techniques

Answer 19

EEG uses electrodes placed on parts of the scalp to measure brain’s electrical activity (sometimes patients may have to carry out visual or auditory tasks to see how brain responds). Deviations in a particualr part of the brain may be an indication of a problem (seizure disorder, brain lesions and tumors through EEG examination)

Question 20

Computer Tomography (CT)

Answer 20

Two dimensional image/cross section of the brain. Used to look at changes in structural abnormalities before and after treatment. Is static, clinicians use to determine cause of structural abnormalities such as reduced blood flow

Question 21

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 21

Non invasive technique that reveals both the structure and the functioning of the brain. Produces detailed images of almost every internal structure in the body including the organs, bones, muscles, and blood vessels. Clinicians use to determine the cause of structural abnormalities such as reduced blood flow

Question 22

FMRI

Answer 22

Measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity

Question 23

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 23

Combination of computerized tomography and radioisotope imaging. Allows scienteists to measure a variety of biological activities as the processes occur in the living bain (clinicians use to determine cause of structural abnormalities such as blood flow)

Question 24

Neuropsychological Assessments

Answer 24

Used to determine relations between behaviour and brain function

Question 25

Psychological Assesments

Answer 25

Clinical Interviews; Unstructured Interviews; Structured Interviews; Semi structured interviews; rating scales; Assessment of Intelligence; Personality Asssesment; Projective Test; Rorschach Inkblot Test; Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); Personality Inventories

Question 26

Clinical Interveiws

Answer 26

Gain a better understanding what symptoms are occurring and what they look like (practitioners ask about aspects of the individual's life)

Question 27

Unstructured Interviews

Answer 27

Open ended, allowing interviewer to pursue a specific line of questioning or follow patient's lead (strength - mutual trust and respect, con- poo reliability and validity)

Question 28

Structured Interviews

Answer 28

Strictly prescribe the wording of questions and the interpretation of responses

Question 29

Semi Structured Interviews

Answer 29

Clinician has flexibility in what questions to ask, what order and with what wording - outline is provided, sime are designed to look for specific problems/disorders

Question 30

Rating Scales

Answer 30

The use of rating scales in clinical observation and in self reports help both to organize information dn to encourage reliability and objectivity

Question 31

Assessment of Intelligence

Answer 31

IQ is mental age divided by chronological age x 100, average is +/- 15

Question 32

Personality Assesment

Answer 32

Personality assessments usually describe various characteristics that make up an individuals unique personality

Question 33

Projective Test

Answer 33

To measure personality, a person will porject their ambiguous stimulus, their conscious motives, needs, drives, feelings, defenses and personality characteristics have low reliability and validity

Question 34

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Answer 34

People see different things when looking at the same inkblot - reflected personality

Question 35

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 35

Consists of drawings on cards depicting ambiguous social interactions. Individuals are asked to construct stories about the cards (Respondents project their psychological needs and conflicts into the events they apperceive)

Question 36

Personality Inventories

Answer 36

More reliable and valid than projective tests, takes into account people to respond favourably

Question 37

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 37

"true" "false" or "cannot say" statements to detect sources of invalidity such as carelessness, defensiveness or evasion

Question 38

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory

Answer 38

Was developed to help clinicians make diagnostic judgements about personality disorders and other clinical syndromes

Question 39

Behavioural and Cognitive Assesment

Answer 39

Rating Scale; In Vivo Observation; Analogue Observational Setting; Cognitive Behavioural Assessment

Question 40

Rating Scale

Answer 40

A preprinted sheet on which the observer notes the presence, absence, and/or intensity of targeted behaviours, usually by checking boxes or by filling in coded terms

Question 41

In Vivo Observation

Answer 41

Watching a person's everyday enviornment

Question 42

Analogue Observational Setting

Answer 42

An artificial setting in an office or lab constructed to elicit specific classes of behaviours in individuals (fear of thunder)

Question 43

Cognitive Behavioural Assesment

Answer 43

Measure how dysfunctional ways of thinking affect maladaptive behaviour