1
Q
phenomena
A
occurrences, circumstances or facts that are perceptible by senses
2
Q
framework for quantitative research
A
population/situation
intervention/exposure
counter intervention
outcome
time
3
Q
framework for qualitative research
A
population
situation- phenomenon/area of interest
4
Q
research question
A
concise statement and includes 1 or more variables
-focus on describing variables, specific population
5
Q
independent variable
A
influences change on dependent variable
-can be manipulated or not
6
Q
dependent variable
A
effects changes bc change in independent variable
-not manipulated
7
Q
hypothesis
A
state a prediction
-must have at least 2 variables, not qualitative
8
Q
simple hypothesis
A
prediction between one independent and dependent variable
9
Q
complex hypothesis
A
2 or more independent and/or 2 or mor dependent
10
Q
directional hypothesis
A
predicts directions of a relationship
11
Q
non-directional hypothesis
A
predicts existence of a relationship, not direction
12
Q
research hypothesis
A
state actual prediction of a relationship
13
Q
null/statistical hypothesis
A
expresses the absence of a relationship
-used only in statistical testing
14
Q
Ontology
A
study of ‘being’
15
Q
Epistemology
A
addresses issue of truth
the study of knowledge, asking questions like “how do we know what we know?
16
Q
Methodology
A
discipline-specific principles, rules and procedures that guide research process
17
Q
Post-positivism
A
1 reality = 1 truth
-quantitative
18
Q
constructivist
A
Reality is constructed by individual perception
multiple realities = multiple truths
qualitative
19
Q
critical social theory
A
aiming to critique and change society, focusing on uncovering and challenging power structures
multiple realities distorted by false consciousness
20
Q
qualitative research
A
based on naturalistic paradigm
subjective and multi realities are possible bc knowledge is a social construct
21
Q
phenomenology
A
purpose is to understand the human experience
22
Q
grounded theory
A
uncovering social processes
question include how do…
23
Q
ethnography
A
learning cultural patterns
24
Q
participatory action research
A
working with people to improve the present
25
probability sampling strategies
equal and independent probability of selection
rarely used
26
non-probability sample strategies
qualitative only uses
elements chosen non-randomly
27
purposive
hand-pick typical elements using specific criteria
28
convenience
volunteers for research study
29
theoretical
used in grounded theory research
groups picked on emerging categories
30
snowball
find participants, then the participants refers others they know with same condition
31
coding
progressive sorting collected data
should be valid mutually exclusive and exhaustive
codes > categories > themes
32
auditability
can the research process be replicated
33
fittingness
| x
faithfulness to everyday reality of participants describe in detail so others can evaluate importance for their own research
34
Triangulation
Use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to understand a phenomena
34
etic vs. emic
etic- outsider, quant
emic- insider, qual
35
bracketing
maintaining a reflexive journal
36
quantitative methodology
-post-positivism
-predominant in biomedical model
-uses logic and scientific procresses to compare, infer causation and predict
37
types of quantitative research
descriptive study, expoloratory study and casual study
38
descriptive study
structured observation or survey are used to describe a phenomenon, situation, group or characteristic
39
exploratory study
to gain new insights, discover new ideas and increase knowledge about a phenomenon
40
causal study
experimenting to asses cause and effect
41
extraneous variable/covariate
alternative or other possible causes
-influence independent and dependent variable relationship
42
control
measures that are used to decrease error and the influence of extraneous varibles
43
ways to control for extraneous variables
use homogeneous sample
random assignment to groups
minimize threats to internal validity
44
natural setting, partially controlled, highly controlled
uncontrolled, real life situation
manipulated or modified in some way
artificial environment bc sole purpose is research
45
internal validity
are the changes in the outcome due to a change in the independent variable
goals is to rule out other explanations
46
external validity
are the findings generalizable to other settings
goal is useful beyond participants/setting
47
threats to internal validity
selection bias, history, instrumentation, maturation, testing, mortality
48
threats to external validity
-study sample doesn't represent the population of interest
-natural reactions to being studies
-hawthorne effect
49
experimental design
randomization, control (group), manipulation
50
Quasi-experimental design
there is an intervention thaat is controlled or delivered
-there is an eperimental group with or without a control group
-typically no random assignment to groups
51
non-experimental research
lacks the manipulation of an independent variable
52
types of non-experimental research
survey studies
relationship/differenence studies
53
survey studies
obtains info about prevalence, distribution and interrelations of phenomenaa within a population
54
relationship/difference studies
looks at the relationships or differences between variables that can provide a deeper insight into a phenomenon
55
types of relationship//difference studies
correlational
developmental (cross-sectional, longitudinal, retrospective)
56
correlational studies
measures and determines the relationship between 2 variables
not cause and effect!!
postive or negative correlations
uses correlation coefficient (r) to reflect the relationship
57
postive vs. negative correlations
both variable scores increase
one variable score increases the others decreases
58
cross-sectional studies
examines the relationship between variables in a population at one particular time (snapshot)
descriptive (whats happening now)
retrospective (adding a time dimension)
59
prospective/longitudinal studies
one or more groups are followed across time and comparevariables
60
retrospective studies
an effect in the present is linked to a potential cause from the past
61
target vs. accessible population
target- researchers generalize finding
accessible- subset of target population that the researchers can realsitcally access
62
random sampling vs. randomization of participants
increase internal validity
increases external validity
63
systematic sampling
uses the sampling frame's order to locate elements
(ex. need 100 elements from frame of 1000> pick every 10th person)
64
stratified random sampling
probabilty sampling
population is first divide into 2 or more levels then randomly selected
65
multi-stage cluster sampling
probability
selecting broad groups rather than individuals
66
quota sampling
non-probability
indentifying population groups and figuring out how many people are neded from each group
67
consecutive sampling
non-probability
recruits all people from an accessible population over a specific time interval
68
power
ability to detect a different in effect between groups
69
types of data collection methods
biological/physiological, obeservational, quedtionnaires, records or available data
70
biological measures for data collection
physical or microbiological
most objective measure (most accurate)
can be invasive, expensive
71
structured observation for data collection
gather info about patients condition, verbal communication, nonverbal communication and environmental conditions
observer bias
72
records and available data for data collection
EHR, statisitics canada
inexpensive, can be unethical, bias, missing data
73
questionnaires for data collection
fast, anoymous, bias, social desirability bias
74
issues with self report data
socal desirability bias
extreme response bias
aciquiensence response set (always agreeing)
naysayer bias
75
socal desirability bias
misrepresent oneself by giving answer that aligned with social values
76
extreme response bias
choosing extreme alternatie but doesn't reflect actual intensity of feeling
77
internal reliability
items in a test are measuring the same thing
Cohens Kappa value good if greater than 0.75
78
test-retest reiliability
tools provide similar results over time
measure wth correlation coefficients (over 0.8 is good)
79
content vaildity
the extent to which an assessment or test accurately measures all parts of the concept it is designed to measure
-do iteams cover full concept
80
criterion-related validity
how well a tool's scores match up with something outside the tool (real world)
does the tool's outcome match real-world behaviour
81
concurrent validity
sub type of criterion related validity
are results similar to an existing measure taken at same time
82
construt validity
what is the instrument really measuring
-does is measure the concept it is suppose to
83
convergent validity
different tools designed to measure the same concept give similar results
84
divergent validity
shows that a tool does not measure concepts it shouldn't
compares score with a measure of opposite concept
85
validity vs. reliabilty
appropriateness of test
consistency of scores produced
86
data analysis
captie variabilty, discovers meaning and relationships between variables, answers research questions
87
descriptive statistics
frequency, mean, median, mode and range
(look over definitions)
88
standard deviation
how far the values stray from the mean
89
inferential statistics
combines math processes and logical
allows research to test hypothese about a population using data from prob and nonprob samples
90
statistical significance
compare probabilty number (p-value) to critical probability value (alpha level, set to 0.05 or 0.01)
if p less than alpha its significant
91
confidence intervals
range of values that is likely to contain the population mean
92
effect size
measure the magnitude of the effect (group difference) is.
small 0.2
medium 0.4
large 0.6
93
P value
minimum threshold for acceptance is 95% or p<0.05 therefore statistically signifcant
94
importance of results
stat. significance doesn't mean clinically important
95
epistemic justice
every person has equal capacity to be knowledgeable
96
epistemic injustice
knowledges are disvalued
97
mixed methods
can mix methods not paradigms
favours postivism not always good
98
inductive reasoning
general
primarily qualitative
99
deductive reasoning
specific
primarly quatitative
100
covergent parrallel design
analyze 2 data sets separately and interpretation
101
the explanatory sequential design
quantitive data collection and analysis then follow up with qualitative data collection and analysis > interpretation
102
the exploratory sequential design
qualitative data collection and analysis then follow up with quantitive data collection and analysis > interpretation
103
a likert response scale
measurement that allows participants to ive a response along a contiuum
other
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
112094
-
1180250
-
N2250104
-
N227097
-
216349
-
Pathophysiology314
-
Pathophysiology- week 262
-
Pathophysiology- week 323
-
Pathophysiology- week 436
-
Pathophysiology- week 5 + 611
-
Pathophysiology- week 743
-
Pathophysiology- week 851
-
Pathophysiology- week 923
-
Pathophysiology- week 1020
-
Pathophysiology- week 1140
-
Pathophysiology- week 1243
