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Pathophysiology- week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

lines of defense

A

1: innate/nature immunity
2: inflammation
3: adaptive immunity

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2
Q

inflammation

A

-first response to injury
-prevents and limits infections
-initiate healing

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3
Q

margination

A

WBC adhere to inner walls of vessels and migrate during inflammation

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4
Q

diapedesis

A

emigration of cells through vessels’ walls by endothelial junctions of blood vessels to surrounding tissue

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5
Q

plasma protein system

A

sequentially activate proenzyme/inactive enzymes (cascade process)
complement system, coagulation system, kinin system

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6
Q

complement system

A

produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, active mast cells and destroys pathogens

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7
Q

coagulation system

A

forms a fibrous meshwork at injured/inflamed site
main substance is fibrin
-this prevents spread of infection, localizes microorganisms, clotting to stop bleeding

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8
Q

kinin system

A

activates and assists inflammatory cells
-primary kinin is bradykinin
-causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, induces pain and increase vascular permeability

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9
Q

mast cells

A

-have granules (contain histamine, cytokines and chemotoxic factors)
-located in loose connective tissue close to BV

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10
Q

endothelium

A

endothelial cells adhere to connective tissue in blood vessel
regulate circulating inflammatory components
if damage, platelets adhere to them

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11
Q

platelets

A

activated coagulation cascade to form a clot
-degranulation with serotine
-vasodilation and increase vascular permeability

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12
Q

neutrophils

A

predominate in early inflammatory response
bacterial infections
bands for severe infections

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13
Q

eosinophils

A

mildly phagocytic
defence against parasites
allergic reactions
regulation of vascular mediators

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14
Q

dendritic cells

A

in peripheral organs
migrate through lymphatic vessels to lymphatic tissues and interact with T lymphocyte to generate an immune response

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15
Q

basophil

A

least prevalent granulocytes
found in blood
associated with allergies and asthma
primary role unknown

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16
Q

monocytes

A

produced in bone marrow
enter circulation, migrate to inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages or dendritic cells

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17
Q

natural killer cells

A

recognize and eliminate cells infected with viruses
inhibitory and activating receptors to differentiate between normal and abnormal cells
produce cytokines and toxic molecules

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18
Q

serous exudate

A

watery
indicated early inflammation

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19
Q

hemorrhagic exudate

A

contains blood

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20
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

thick clotted exudate
advanced inflammation

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21
Q

purulent exudate

A

pus
indicates a bacterial infection

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22
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase number of circulating leukocytes

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23
Q

primary intention healing

A

wounds heals with minimal tissue loss

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24
Q

secondary intention healing

A

wounds that need more tissue replacement
ex. open wound

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25
wound healing phases
inflammation, proliferation, remodeling and maturation phase
26
adaptive immunity
-destroys microorganisms that survived inflammation inducible (activated by a pathogen) long lived has memory about previous pathogens components: antigen and t and b cells
27
humoral immunity
uses immunoglobulins (antibodies) which is produced by b cells -binds to antigens on bacteria and viruses produce memory cells
28
cellular immunity
uses T cells kill target directly produces memory cells
29
active vs. passive immunity
exposure to pathogen to gain immunity (vaccines, infection) pre form antibodies that are transferred (maternal antibodies)
30
antigens
bind with antibodies or receptors on t and b cells -within or produced by pathogen
31
immunogens
induce antibodies production and t and be cells all are antigens
32
haptens
too small to be immunogens can become immunogens after combining with larger molecules
33
immunoglobulins
proteins produced by b cells classes: IgG, A, M, D
34
immunoglobulin G
most abundant gives most protection against infections 4 sub classes: IgG-1,2,3,4
35
immunoglobulin A
2 classes: IgA, IgA-2 IgA: found in blood IgA-2 found in bodily secretions
36
immunoglobulin D
low concentration in blood functions as a type of b cell antigen receptor
37
immunoglobulin M
largest pentamer stabilized by a J chain first antibody produce during primary response to a antigen made early in neonatal life
38
immunoglobulin E
least concentration in blood mediator of many allergic responses defender against parasite protection from larger parasite by causing inflammatory reaction to attract eosinophils common cause of allergies Fc portions are bound to mast cells
39
T-cell activation
t-cell receptors bind to antigen, antigen is being presented by antigen presenting cells to activate t-cells once connected, t-cell kill foreign cells via cytoxic cells and activate cytokines for inflammatory or immune system help
40
neonatal immunity
fetus has sufficient IgM but limiting IgG and IgA responses maternal antibodies protect fetus
41
factors influencing infection
-communicability (how easy a pathogen can spread ie. measles high) -infectivity ( ability of pathogen to invade and multiply) -virulence (capacity of pathogen to cause severe disease) -pathogenicity (ability of pathogen to produce disease) -portal of entry toxigenicity
42
bacteremia vs. septicemia
-presence of bacteria in blood -growth of bacteria in blood for both -endotoxins are released in the blood, activating complement and clotting system (increase cap. permeability >hypotension)
43
mycoses
diseases caused by fungi
44
dermatophytes
fungi that invades skin hair and nails i.e ringworm/tineas
45
bactericidal
drug that kills bacteria
46
bacteriostatic
drug that inhibits the grow and replication
47
vaccines
introduce weakened -attenuated/live vaccines or dead-killed vaccines pathogens to gain antibodies ex. give protein from virus to make memory cell
48
primary immunodeficiency
also called congenital -genetic anomalies/ -generally not inherited most result from single gene defect
49
secondary immunodeficiency
also called acquired -caused by another illness, more common
50
combined deficiencies
result from underdevelopment of T and B lymphocytes ex. severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), bare lymphocyte syndrome, WIskott-Aldrich syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome
51
SCID
underdeveloped thymus absent or reduced IgM and IgA levels
52
bare lymphocyte syndrome
adequate B and T-cells by defective cooperation inability to produce MHC classes I and II
53
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
low IgM production with bleeding
54
DiGeorge syndrome
thymic aplasia or hypoplasia -poor parathyroid development> t-cell deficiency
55
hypersensitivity
altered immunological response to antigen that results in damage or disease
56
autoimmunity
disturbance in immunological tolerance of self antigens
57
type I hypersensitivity
IgE mediated against allergens
58
Type II hypersensitivity
tissue specific
59
Type III hypersensitivity
-immune complex mediated
60
type IV hypersensitivity
cell mediated hypersensitivity doesn’t involve antibody
61
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
autoimmune condition disease against: -nucleic acids -erythrocytes -coagulation proteins -phospholipids -lymphocytes -platelets
62
Alloimmunity
immune reaction to tissue of another individual
other
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