Pathophysiology- week 4

Question 1

Hematocrit

Answer 1

how much of your blood consists of red blood cells
RBC % in proportion to plasma volume

Question 2

hematopocietic stem cells

Answer 2

HSC
located in bone marrow
gives rise to all blood cells
self renewing through asymmetric division > 1 daughter cell remains a stem cell

Question 3

myeloid progenitors

Answer 3

gives rise to myeloid cells

Question 4

lymphoid progenitors

Answer 4

produce lymphocytes

Question 5

myeloid cells

Answer 5

granulocytes
megakaryocytes (produce platelets)
monocytes and macrophages

Question 6

cellular differentiation of blood cells

Answer 6

hematopocietic stem cells (pluripotent can become any cell)
multipotent progenitor cell (MPP)
eosinophiloblast (driven by cytokines and transcription factors IL-5 and GATA- 1
immature eosinophil (producing granule with peroxidase and eosinophil cationic protein
mature eosinophil

Question 7

red vs. yellow bone marrow

Answer 7

active
produces blood cells
ex. vertebrae, cranium, sternum, ribs

-inactive contains fat

Question 8

medullary hematopoiesis

Answer 8

blood cell production in bone marrow of adults
in fetus its in live and spleen

Question 9

medullary hematoparesis

Answer 9

suppression of blood cell production

Question 10

extramedullary hematopoiesis

Answer 10

production of blood cells outside the bone marrow in adults
in liver, spleen and lymph nodes

Question 11

primary vs. secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 11

thymus and bone marrow
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils and Peyer patches

Question 12

spleen

Answer 12

fetal hematopoiesis
filters blood, removing damaged or old blood cells
initiates immune responses to bloodborne pathogens
reservoir for blood
has white (lymphocytes) and red pulp (macrophages)

Question 13

erythropoiesis

Answer 13

megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor > proerythroblast >erythroblast>reticulocyte >RBC

Question 14

erythropoietin

Answer 14

EPO
tissue hypoxia> increase EPO > increase RBC

Question 15

hemoglobin molecule

Answer 15

globin chains > 2 alpha and two beta polypeptide chains
heme groups > iron and protoporphyrin

Question 16

role of vitamin b 12

Answer 16

needed for DNA synthesis

low b12 > megaloblastic anemia
low intrinsic factor >pernicious anemia

Question 17

role of iron in erythropoiesis

Answer 17

stored as ferritin
low iron > impaired hgb synthesis > iron-deficiency anemia

Question 18

erythrocytosis

Answer 18

high RBC
ex. chronic lung diseases and polycythemias

Question 19

leukocytosis

Answer 19

high wbc
infection, stress, autoimmune, meds (steroids), allergic reactions,

Question 20

leukopenia

Answer 20

low wbc
lymphomas, AIDSs, meds (chemo)

Question 21

neutrophilia

Answer 21

increase neutrophils
bacterial infections, stress necrosis, leukemias
bands > immature neutrophils
polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Question 22

neutropenia

Answer 22

decrease neutrophils
severe bacterial sepsis, drugs causing bone marrow depression (chemo)

Question 23

lymphocytosis

Answer 23

increase lymphocytes
viral and chronic bacterial infections

Question 24

lymphopenia

Answer 24

decreased lymphocytes
AIDs, meds, cytotoxic meds

Question 25

eosinophilia

Answer 25

increased eosinophils antigen-antibody reactions, parasitic infections

Question 26

monocytosis

Answer 26

increased monocytes chronic inflammatory infections, inflammatory conditions

Question 27

leukemia

Answer 27

cancer that originate in bone marrow

Question 28

philadelphia chromosome

Answer 28

translocation of chromosome 9 and 22 -permanently active tyrosine kinase causing uncontrolled cell proliferation

Question 29

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 29

reed-sternberg cells >large abnorm. lymphocytes starts in a single lymph nodes or chain of nodes

Question 30

thrombopoiesis

Answer 30

regulated by thrombopoietin myeloid stem cells become megakaryocyte become platelets

Question 31

hemostasis

Answer 31

1.vascular injury and vasoconstriction 2. primary hemostasis -adhesion, activation, secretion, aggregation 3. secondary hemostasis 4. clot contraction (stabilizes clot) 5. fibrinolysis and healing

Question 32

thrombocytosis

Answer 32

high platelet count clotting risk ex. malignant neoplasm paradoxical hypercoagulation > bleeding bc abnormal platelets

Question 33

thrombocytopenia

Answer 33

low platelet count hypercoagulation > bleeding risk ex, autoimmune conditions, bone marrow suppression

Question 34

prothrombin time (PT)

Answer 34

test of extrinsic pathway in sec -monitored closely for clients taking Warfarin high PT - bleeding risk low PT - clotting risk

Question 35

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Answer 35

test of intrinsic pathway monitored closely for clients taking Heparin high PTT= bleeding risk low PTT= clotting risk

Question 36

fibrinolysis

Answer 36

natural process of breaking down a blood clot