Pathophysiology- week 11

Question 1

spermatogenesis

Answer 1

spermatogonia divide by mitosis > primary spermatocytes
primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis 1 secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis 2 > spermatids

Question 2

testes

Answer 2

spermatogensis to produce spermatozoa

Question 3

spermiogenesis

Answer 3

spermatids developing (like flagella)

Question 4

seminal vesicles

Answer 4

alkaline, nourishes sperm
prostaglandins causes reverse peristalsis so sperm can reach oocyte

Question 5

prostate

Answer 5

produce acidic milky secretion that contains prostate-specific antige, adds citric acid and releases zinc and antiomicrobial compounds

Question 6

bulbourethral glands

Answer 6

neutrializes residual acidity

Question 7

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 7

fertilized egg implants outside the uterus

Question 8

leiomyomas

Answer 8

benign tumours on smooth muscle in uterus

Question 9

intramural fibroids

Answer 9

leiomyomas that grows in muscular wall of uterus

Question 10

submucosal fibroids

Answer 10

leiomyomas that protrude in uterine cavity

Question 11

subserosal fibroids

Answer 11

leiomyomas that extend outwards from uterus

Question 12

endometriosis

Answer 12

endometrium grows outside uterine cavity

Question 13

meningocele

Answer 13

cyst contains meninges and CSF

Question 14

myelomeningocele

Answer 14

cyst contains meninges and neural tissues
-causes paralysis and sensory loss

Question 15

incomplete vs. complete cleft lip

Answer 15

small gap in lip that doesn’t exten through nostrils
extends to nostrils

Question 16

incomplete vs. complete cleft palate

Answer 16

separation of platate

Question 17

fertilization

Answer 17

sperms binds to oocyte membrane receptors > meiosis 2> ovum and polar body

Question 18

capacitation

Answer 18

final sperm maturing stage

Question 19

acrosome reaction

Answer 19

acrosomal enzymes digest granuolsa cells and penetrate zone pellucida

Question 20

morula

Answer 20

solid ball of cells
uses compaction (cell communication and further differentation)

Question 21

blastocoel

Answer 21

fluid filled cavity

Question 22

inner cell mass

Answer 22

gives rise to embryo proper

Question 23

trophoblast

Answer 23

becomes placenta
produces hCG
syncytiotrophoblast secrete hCG to stim. corpus luteum to release high amounts of estrogen and progesterone

Question 24

apposition

Answer 24

blastocyst loosely aligns with endometrium

Question 25

adhesion

Answer 25

firm contact of trophoblasts to endometrium

Question 26

invasion

Answer 26

syncytiotrophoblast secrete enzymes to digest endometrial extracellular matrix invades blood vessels

Question 27

gastrulation

Answer 27

process of blastocyst > gastrula

Question 28

gastrula

Answer 28

ectoderm: epidermins, nervous system, eyes and ears mesoderm: bones, kidneys and muscles endoderm: lungs, GU, GI, thyroid

Question 29

neurulation

Answer 29

process of grastula > neurla

Question 30

neural tube

Answer 30

fused neural folds > becomes brain and spinal cord

Question 31

folic acid's role

Answer 31

prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly

Question 32

heart tube formation

Answer 32

lateral folding of cardiac mesoderm > midline fuse > primitive heart tube heart tube elongates >bulbus cordis moves ventrally, caudally and right > primitive ventricles moves dorsally, cranially and left

Question 33

heart formation

Answer 33

aortic arches form major arteries atria and ventricles separate

Question 34

fetal circulation

Answer 34

-foramen ovale shunts between right and left atria allowing blood to bypass fetal lungs -ductus arteriosus connects pulmonary artery to aorta to bypass lungs -ductus venosus provides liver bypass

Question 35

facial development

Answer 35

formation of facial prominences nasal development fusion of facial prominences

Question 36

kidney development

Answer 36

pronephros: early and non-functional kidneys mesonrphros: temporary and partially functional kidneys metanephros: permenant and functional kidney uretic buds form (will become collecting system) metanephric mesenchyme will become nephrons kidneys will rotate and migrate

Question 37

amniotic sac

Answer 37

chorion outer layer amnion inner layer

Question 38

amnioyic fluid

Answer 38

increase with pregnacy length oligohydramnious: low AF polyhydramnious: high AF

Question 39

umbilical cord

Answer 39

form by amnion contains yolk sac and allantois arteries have deoxy blood, veins have oxy blood wharton's jelly cushions and protects vessels

Question 40

placenta

Answer 40

exchanges waste and nutrients between mom and fetus -large proteins don't cross