FOM 2 > Normal Neonatal and Pediatric Development > Flashcards

Normal Neonatal and Pediatric Development Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

What directs primitive newborn reflexes?

A

The brainstem (without cortical involvement)

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2
Q

When do primitive reflexes generally commence?

A

As early as 25 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA)

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3
Q

When are primitive reflexes typically inhibited/integrated?

A

By 4-6 months of age

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4
Q

What suppresses primitive reflexes during development?

A

The development of the frontal lobes

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5
Q

What replaces primitive reflexes after integration?

A

Postural reflexes and voluntary motor activities

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6
Q

Why might primitive reflexes re-emerge?

A

Presence of neurological disease, injury, or trauma

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7
Q

What is the highest level of reflex integration?

A

The Cortex (required for skilled movement)

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8
Q

What are the consequences of retained primitive reflexes?

A

Deficits in balance, coordination, fine motor skills, and impulse control

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9
Q

Stimulus: Moro Reflex

A

Sudden drop of infant’s head or loud noise

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10
Q

Reaction: Moro Reflex

A

Arms extend then pull in (as if grasping), usually with crying

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11
Q

Stimulus: Rooting Reflex

A

Stroking the cheek or mouth

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12
Q

Reaction: Rooting Reflex

A

Infant turns head/eyes toward the side touched

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13
Q

Stimulus: Palmar Grasp

A

Sliding finger across palm from lateral border

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14
Q

Reaction: Palmar Grasp

A

Hand closes around the finger

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15
Q

Stimulus: Plantar Grasp

A

Sliding finger under the toes

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16
Q

Reaction: Plantar Grasp

A

Toes curl around the finger

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17
Q

Stimulus: Babinski Reflex

A

Firmly stroking lateral aspect of the sole

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18
Q

Reaction: Babinski Reflex

A

Dorsiflexion of large toe and fanning of other toes

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19
Q

Stimulus: ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex)

A

Turning neck to one side

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20
Q

Reaction: ATNR

A

Face-side arm straightens, skull-side arm bends (“fencing” posture)

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21
Q

Stimulus: Galant Reflex

A

Stroking along one side of the spine (prone)

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22
Q

Reaction: Galant Reflex

A

Lateral flexion of lower limbs toward the stimulation side

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23
Q

Reaction: Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (Neck Flexion)

A

Arms and legs flex/curl into a ball

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24
Q

Reaction: Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (Neck Extension)

A

Arms and legs extend (Superman pose)

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25
Reaction: Landau Reflex
Head extends, followed by back and hips extending (swimming/flying)
26
Reaction: Parachute Reflex
Arms extend forward to break a fall
27
Reaction: STNR (Head Raised/Extension)
Arms straight, legs bent (bottom sits on ankles)
28
Reaction: STNR (Head Lowered/Flexion)
Arms bent, legs straight (downward dog)
29
Disappears: Moro Reflex
4 – 6 months
30
Disappears: Rooting & Suck-Swallow
4 – 6 months
31
Disappears: Palmar Grasp
6 months
32
Disappears: Plantar Grasp
6 months
33
Disappears: Stepping (Placing) Reflex
2 months
34
Disappears: Babinski Reflex
By 12 months (pathological >24 months)
35
Disappears: ATNR
5 – 6 months
36
Disappears: Galant Reflex
6 months
37
Onset: Landau Reflex
3 – 4 months
38
Integrated: Landau Reflex
12 – 24 months
39
Onset: Parachute Reflex
6 – 9 months
40
Disappears: Parachute Reflex
Never (Protective reflex)
41
Develops: STNR (Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex)
6 – 9 months
42
Significance: Moro Reflex
First breath of life; fight or flight reaction
43
Clinical Sign: Retained Palmar Grasp
Poor manual dexterity, messy handwriting
44
Clinical Sign: Retained Plantar Grasp
Difficulty with standing
45
Clinical Sign: Positive Babinski (>2 years)
Indication of brain/spinal cord problem or upper motor neuron lesion
46
Clinical Sign: Retained ATNR
Impaired visual tracking, hand-eye coordination, and handwriting
47
Clinical Sign: Retained Galant Reflex
Fidgeting ("ants in pants"), bedwetting, scoliosis
48
Primary function: Parachute Reflex
Protective (breaking a fall)
49
Common conditions associated with retained reflexes
ADHD, Autism, Learning Disabilities, Cerebral Palsy, Sensory Integration Disorder
50
Grasp at 5 Months
Rake (thumb adducted, fingers flexed)
51
Grasp at 7 Months
Radial-Palmar (raking into palm, adducted thumb)
52
Grasp at 9 Months
Radial-Digital (between thumb and side of index finger)
53
Grasp at 10 Months
Inferior-Pincer (beginning thumb opposition)
54
Grasp at 12 Months
Fine Pincer (between fingertips/fingernails)
55
Fine Motor Task: 18 Months
Tower of two
56
Fine Motor Task: 24 Months
Tower of six; imitates vertical strokes
57
Fine Motor Task: 30 Months
Tower of eight
58
Fine Motor Task: 36 Months (3 Years)
Bridge; Copies circle
59
Fine Motor Task: 48 Months (4 Years)
Gate; Copies cross
60
Fine Motor Task: 60 Months (5 Years)
Copies triangle
61
Recommended Ages for AAP Screening
9, 18, and 20 months
62
Target Age: Hammersmith (HINE)
2 to 24 months
63
Predictive Value: HINE
Score <57 at 3 months is 96% predictive of CP
64
Target Age: M-CHAT
16 to 48 months
65
M-CHAT Failure Criteria
3 total items OR 2 critical items
66
What is Neuroplasticity?
Brain's ability to reorganize structure/function in response to experience or injury
67
Referral for delays (Birth to 6 years)
Early Intervention (ECI)
FOM 2
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