R v Pittwood
Duty to act through a contract
R v Gibbons and proctor
Duty to act through a relationship
R v Stone and Dobbinson
Duty to act through a voluntary assumption of responsibility
R v Dytham
Duty to act through public office
R v Miller
Duty to act when creating a dangerous situation
R v Santana Bermudez
Duty to act when creating a dangerous situation