pharmacodynamics Flashcards by Carmina Mislang

drug interaction

 1 + 1 = 2
 Response elicited by combined drugs is equal to the combined response of the individual drugs
 Sedative(chlorpheniramine maleate found in decongestants like Neozep + ethanol)

ADDITIVE

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drug interaction
 1 + 1 = 3
 Response elicited by combined drugs is greater than the combined responses of each individual
 Penicillin G (antibiotic) removes the cell wall of the organism
Gentamicin (aminoglycoside antibiotic) inhibits protein synthesis in the organism

SYNERGISTIC

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drug interaction

 0 + 1 = 2
 Drug which has no effect enhances the effect of the second drug
 Cimetidine + heparin (anticoagulant
(Cimetidine enhances the anticoagulation)

POTENTIATION

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drug interaction

 1 + 1 = 0
 Drug inhibits the effect of another drug
 Heparin + protamine

ANTAGONISM

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study of detailed mechanism of action by which drug produce their pharmacologic effects
-provides a scientific basis for the selection and use of drugs

PHARMACODYNAMICS –

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– specific cell molecules by which drugs interact to produce their effects

most ligands (drugs or neurotransmitters) bind to protein molecules
Determine the quantitative relations between dose or concentration of drug and pharmacologic effects

RECEPTORS

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– largest family of receptors for pharmaceutical agents

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

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CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS

Best characterized drug receptors
Mediates the action of endogenous chemical signals like neurotransmitters, autacoids and hormones
Mediates the effects of the most useful therapeutic agents

REGULATORY PROTEIN

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CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS

Inhibited (or less commonly, activated) by binding a drug
Eg, dihydrofolate reductase, the receptor for methotrexate

ENZYMES

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CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS

• Eg, tubulin, the receptor for colchicine, an anti-inflammatory drug

STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

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CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS

• Eg, Na+/K+ ATPase, the membrane receptor for digitalis

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

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Specific binding region of the macromolecule
High and selective affinity to the drug molecule
Interaction between the drug and the receptor is the fundamental event that initiates the action of the drug

RECEPTOR SITE/RECOGNITION SITE

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Same site as the endogenous ligand

* Drugs directly compete for the receptor site

ORTHOSTERIC SITE

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Different site
Alters the response of the endogenous ligand binding to the ligand-gated ion channel and increase or decrease the flow of ions

ALLOSTERIC SITE

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Non-regulatory molecules of the body
Binding with these molecules will result to no detectable change in the function of the biologic system
Buffers the concentration of the drug
Bound drugs do not contribute directly to the concentration gradient that drives diffusion
Eg, albumin

INERT BINDING SITES

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Receptor-like proteins predicted from the human genome for which an endogenous ligand is not identified
Target for the development of new drugs

ORPHAN RECEPTORS

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In most cases, drugs bind to their receptor by forming (what kinds of bonds) bonds with a receptor site.

hydrogen, ionic, or hydrophobic (van der Waals)

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weak bonds

* reversible and enable the drug to dissociate from the receptor as the tissue concentration of the drug declines

HYDROGEN, IONIC, OR HYDROPHOBIC (VAN DER WAALS) BONDS

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• Drug must bind to one stereoisomer only

STEREOSPECIFICITY

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A substance that can exist in the L or D form

* L may be the better drug

ENANTIOMER

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Drug having both the L & D form; cannot be separated

* Patient will experience both the therapeutic and toxic effects.

RACEMIC MIXTURE

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Binding is permanent, irreversible

* Prolonged duration of effect

COVALENT BOND

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The weaker the bond, the more _____ it becomes.

selective

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• Tendency of a drug to combine with its receptor is
• A measure of the strength of the drug-receptor complex
•

AFFINITY

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↑ affinity, __ binding

↓

* Describes the pathway from ligand binding to conformational changes in the receptor, receptor interaction with an effector molecule (if present), and other downstream molecules called second messengers. * This cascade of receptor-mediated biochemical events ultimately leads to a physiologic effect. * Pathway for drug to enter the cell

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

* Ability of a drug to initiate a cellular effect * Efficacy is not directly related to receptor affinity and differs among various drugs that bind to a receptor and start the signal transduction pathway.

EFFICACY OR INTRINSIC ACTIVITY

* Binds to the receptor and directly or indirectly bring about an effect * Full activation of the effector system * * Both agonists and antagonists have common components sufficient for receptor affinity, but only agonists have the structure required for efficacy.

AGONIST

Drugs that have both receptor affinity and efficacy

AGONIST

Produce the maximal response obtainable in a tissue

FULL AGONISTS

agonists with maximal efficacy

FULL AGONISTS

agonists that Increase the rate of signal transduction when it binds to the receptor, whereas an inverse agonist

FULL AGONISTS

• agonists that Produce only a submaximal response

PARTIAL AGONISTS

agonists that Produces less than the full effect, even when it has saturated the receptors

PARTIAL AGONISTS

agonists Acts as an inhibitor in the presence of a full agonist

PARTIAL AGONISTS

* Also called negative antagonists * Involved in a special type of drug-receptor interaction * Decreases the rate of signal transduction

INVERSE AGONISTS

* Binds but do not activate the receptors * Blocks or competes with agonist * Prevent the action of agonists and inverse agonists by occupying binding sites on the receptor.

ANTAGONIST

* Response of a particular receptor-effector system is measured against increasing concentration of a drug * Sigmoid curve

GRADED DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

• Efficacy (Emax) and potency (EC50) are derived from this curve

GRADED DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

* Graph of the response versus the drug dose | * Tells the EFFICACY of the drug

GRADED DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

* Maximal Efficacy | * Potency

PARAMETERS OF THE GRADED-DOSE CURVE

* Maximal response that can be produced by a drug * All receptors are occupied * No response even if the dose is increased

Emax

* Concentration of drug that produces 50%of maximal effect | * Smaller EC50–more potent

EC50

* Total number of receptor sites | * All receptors have been occupied

Bmax

* Equilibrium dissociation constant | * Concentration of drug required to bind 50%of the receptors

* Measure of the affinity of a drug for its binding site on the receptor * Almost similar to EC50

• Smaller KD___ affinity of drug to receptor

- greater affinity of drug to receptor

type of antagonist • Competes with agonist receptor • Binds to the receptor reversibly without activating the effector system • Antagonist increases the agonist concentration needed for a given degree of response

COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist | Concentration-effect curve is shifted to higher doses (ie, horizontally to the right of the dose axis)

COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist | Same maximal effect is reached

COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist • Effects are overcome by adding more agonist • Increases the median effective dose (ED50)

COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST

IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST type of antagonist • Binds with the receptor via covalent bonds • Eg, phenoxybenzamine binding with alpha receptors

IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist Antagonist’s affinity to the receptor maybe so high • Receptor is not available to bind the agonist

IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist Concentration-effect curve moves downward • No shift of the curve in the dose axis

IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist Emax is not reached • No increase in median effective dose (ED50) unless there are spare receptors

IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist Duration of action is relatively independent of its own rate of elimination • More dependent on the rate of turnover of receptors

IRREVERSIBLE ANTAGONIST

type of antagonist • Does not depend on interaction with the agonist’s receptor • Drug that interacts directly with the drug being antagonized to remove it or to prevent it from reaching its target • Eg, protamine used to counteract the • effect of heparin making it unavailable for interaction with proteins involved in the formation of blood

CHEMICAL ANTAGONISM

type of antagonist • Makes use of the regulatory pathway • Effects that are less specific and less easy to control • Binds to a different receptor producing an effect opposite to that produced by the drug it is antagonizing

PHYSIOLOGIC ANTAGONISM

Response gradually diminishes even if the drug is still there (after reaching an initial high level of response) Reason is not known

RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION

* Graph of the fraction of a population that shows a specified response to increasing doses of a drug * Minimum dose (not right to check for Emax in humans because of its toxic effects) required to produce a specific response is determined in each member of the population * Sigmoid curve * Involves human population

QUANTAL DOSE-RESPONSE CURVE

* Median effective dose | * 50%of the individuals manifested the desired therapeutic effect

ED50

* Median toxic dose | * 50%of the individuals manifested the Toxic effects

TD50

• Median lethal dose

LD50

* Ratio of the TD50 (or LD50 ) to theED50 determined from the quantal dose-response curves * Increased therapeutic index-wide margin of safety * Represents an estimate of the safety of the drug * A very safe drug might be expected to have a very large toxic dose and a much smaller effective dose

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

* Dosage range between the minimum effective therapeutic concentration or dose (MEC) and the minimum toxic concentration or dose (MTC) * More clinically relevant index of safety than therapeutic index

THERAPEUTIC WINDOW

• Measured with a graded dose-response curve but not with quantal dose-response curve

MAXIMAL EFFICACY

* Amount of drug needed to produce a given effect * In the graded dose-response curve, the effect chosen is the 50%of the maximal effect and the dose is (EC50) * In the quantal dose-response curve, ED50, TD50, and LD50are variables in 50%of the population

POTENCY

• Short-term effect of agonist exposure

DESENSITIZATION OR TACHYPHYLAXIS

In contrast, continuous or repeated exposure to antagonists initially can increase the response of the receptor, called

supersensitivity.

Through internalization and regulation of the receptor gene, the number of receptors on the cell membrane decreases. This longer-term adaptation is called

down-regulation.

With chronic exposure to antagonists, the number of receptors on the membrane surface (density) increases via

up-regulation.

VARIATION OF RESPONSES IN INDIVIDUALS * Caused by differences in metabolism (genetic) or immunologic mechanisms * Response to the drug is unknown or unusual

1. IDIOSYNCRATIC RESPONSE

VARIATION OF RESPONSES IN INDIVIDUALS * Intensity of the drug is decreased * Large dose of the drug is needed to have an effect

2. HYPOREACTIVE RESPONSE

VARIATION OF RESPONSES IN INDIVIDUALS | • Intensity of the drug is increased or exaggerated

3. HYPEREACTIVE RESPONSE

VARIATION OF RESPONSES IN INDIVIDUALS | • Decreased sensitivity acquired as a result of exposure to the drug

4. TOLERANCE

VARIATION OF RESPONSES IN INDIVIDUALS

IDIOSYNCRATIC HYPOREACTIVE HYPEREACTIVE TOLERANCE

• Tolerance develops after a few doses

TACHYPHYLAXIS

VARIATIONS IN DRUG RESPONSIVENESS

1. Alteration on the concentration of the drug that reaches the receptor due to absorption, distribution and elimination differences 2. Variation in the concentration of the endogenous ligands (chemicals produced by the body that binds to receptors, eg, cathecolamines) 3. Alterations in number/function of receptors 4. Changes in 2ndmessengers 5. Clinical selectivity

Decrease in # of receptors

DOWN REGULATION

Increase in the # of receptors

UP REGULATION

Drug has been taken for a long time, then abruptly discontinued Eg, propranolol (beta-blocker) Gradual decrease of taking the drug by decreasing/tapering the dose

OVERSHOOT PHENOMENON/ REBOUND HYPERTENSION

No drug causes a single specific effect only. True or false?

True

A molecule to which a drug binds to bring about a change in function of the biologic system

Receptor

Drugs are selective but never ____

Specific

A molecule to which a drug may bind without changing any function

Inert binding molecule or site

Beneficial and toxic effects may be mediated by the same receptor-effector mechanism (because drugs are never specific)

REMEMBER THAT

The maximal effect that can be achieved with a particular drug, regardless of dose

Efficacy, maximal efficacy

The concentration of drug that binds 50% of the receptors in the system

In graded dose-response curves, the concentration or dose that causes 50% of the maximal effect or toxicity. In quantal dose-response curves, the concentration or dose that causes a specified response in 50% of the population under study

EC50, ED50, TD50, etc

A graph of the fraction of a population that shows a specified response at progressively increasing doses

Quantal dose-response curve

A graph of increasing response to increasing drug concentration or dose

Graded dose-response curve

Specific region of the receptor molecule to which the drug binds

Receptor site

A drug that binds to the inactive state of receptor molecules and decreases constitutive activity (see text)

Inverse agonist

A drug that binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect at full dosage than a full agonist

Partial agonist

antagonist A drug that binds to a receptor molecule without interfering with normal agonist binding but alters the response to the normal agonist

Allosteric agonist

A drug that counters the effects of another by binding the agonist drug (not the receptor)

Chemical antagonist

A drug that counters the effects of another by binding to a different receptor and causing opposing effects

Physiologic antagonist

Receptor that does not bind drug when the drug concentration is sufficient to produce maximal effect; present when Kd > EC50

Spare receptor

A pharmacologic antagonist that cannot be overcome by increasing agonist concentration

Irreversible antagonist

A pharmacologic antagonist that can be overcome by increasing the concentration of agonist

Competitive antagonist

A drug that binds without activating its receptor and thereby prevents activation by an agonist

Pharmacologic antagonist

A drug that activates its receptor upon binding

Agonist

Component of a system that accomplishes the biologic effect after the receptor is activated by an agonist; often a channel or enzyme molecule, may be part of the receptor molecule

Effector

Type of antagonisn between protamine and heparin

Chemical

Type of antagonism between phenoxybenzamine and alpha receptors

Irreversible

Type of antagonism between glucocorticoids and insulin

Physiologic

Type of antagonism between histamine and salbutamol or epinephrine

Physiologic

pharmacodynamics Flashcards

(107 cards)