reproductive system

Question 1

– saclike structure containing the testes

• divided into left and right internal compartments by an incomplete CT septum
• external composition: skin
• internal composition: dartos muscle (layer of smooth muscle) and layer of loose CT

Answer 1

A. SCROTUM

Question 2

male gonads

• oval organs about 4-5 cm long within scrotum
• outer part: thick, white CT capsule
• extensions of capsule divide testes into 250 cone-shaped lobules which contain seminiferous tubules

Answer 2

B. TESTES –

Question 3

– where sperm cells develop

Answer 3

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

Question 4

– endocrine cells in the delicate CT surrounding seminiferous tubules
-secrete testosterone

Answer 4

INTERSTITIAL OR LEYDIG CELLS

Question 5

– large, extend from periphery to the lumen of seminiferous tubules
-nourish germ cells and produce a number of hormones

Answer 5

SUSTENTACULAR OR SERTOLI CELLS

Question 6

formation of sperm cells

Answer 6

SPERMATOGENESIS –

Question 7

most peripheral germ cells, divide through mitosis

Answer 7

Spermatogonia –

Question 8

– divide by meiosis and become sperm cells

• contains 46 chromosomes
• passes through Meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocyte

Answer 8

Primary spermatocytes

Question 9

– undergoes Meiosis II to produce 2 smaller cells or spermatids each having 23 chromosomes

Answer 9

Secondary spermatocyte

Question 10

undergo structural changes after the Meiosis II to become sperm cells
-much cytoplasm are eliminated

Answer 10

Spermatids –

Question 11

contains enzymes released during the process of fertilization
-enzymes are necessary for the sperm cell to penetrate the oocyte or egg cells

Answer 11

Acrosome –

Question 12

developing—- are located around lumen of seminiferous tubules

• heads directed toward sustentacular cells
• tails directed toward lumen

Answer 12

Sperm cells –

Question 13

– comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of testis

• SC continue to mature here
• SC develop capacity to swim and ability to bind to the oocyte
• SC taken directly from testes are not capable of fertilizing oocytes

Answer 13

EPIDIDYMIS

Question 14

–final changes in SC, occur after ejaculation of semen into vagina prior to fertilization

Answer 14

CAPACITATION

Question 15

about 45 cm long, emerges from epididymis and ascends along the posterior side of the testis to become associated with BV and nerves (spermatic cord)

• extends through abdominal wall by way of inguinal canal
• ampulla of the—— enlargement just before reaching the porstate gland
• wall contains smooth muscle which contracts in peristaltic waves to propel sperm cells from the epididymis through the ——-

Answer 15

2. Ductus Deferens or Vas Deferens –

Question 16

PARTS OF SPERMATIC CORD

Answer 16

• Ductus deferens
• Testicular artery and veins and nerves
• Lymphatic vessels
• 2 CT sheaths

Question 17

– sac shaped gland near the ampulla of the ductus deferens

• glands consisting of many saclike structures located next to the ampulla of ductus deferens
• each about 5 cm long

Answer 17

SEMINAL VESICLE

Question 18

have both glandular and muscular tissue

• surrounds urethra and 2 ejaculatory ducts
• cells lining partition secrete prostatic fluid
• 10 -20 short ducts carry fluid to prostatic urethra

Answer 18

• Prostate Gland –

Question 19

– pair of small mucus secreting glands near base of penis

• pea sized, decrease with age
• single duct from each gland enters urethra

Answer 19

• Bulbourethral or Cowper gland

Question 20

– formed by the ducts from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of vas deferens at the prostate gland
-each extends into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra within the prostate gland

Answer 20

EJACULATORY DUCT

Question 21

– extends from UB to distal end of penis

• passageway for both urine and male reproductive fluids but they do not exit at the same time
• while MRF are passing through urethra, sympathetic reflex causes internal urinary sphincter to contract, keeping semen from passing into urinary bladder, preventing urine from entering urethra

Answer 21

URETHRA

Question 22

male organ of copulation,

• functions in the transfer of sperm cells from M to F
• contains 3 columns of erectile tissue
• shaft: loosely attached to CT
• skin is firmly attached at the base of the glans penis, and a thinner layer of skin covers glans penis (prepuce)

Answer 22

penis

Question 23

2 columns of erectile tissue that form the dorsal side of penis

Answer 23

Corpora cavernosa –

Question 24

third smaller column forming the ventral

Answer 24

Corpus spongiosum –

Question 25

• – covers glans penis

Answer 25

Prepuce or foreskin

Question 26

– mixture of sperm cells and secretions from male reproductive glands - 60% seminal vesicles, prostate gland 30%, 5% testes, 5% bulbourethral gland - normal semen volume: 2-5 ml with 100 M sperm cells

Answer 26

semen

Question 27

• Mucous secretion which lubricates urethra, help neutralize contents of normally acidic urethra, provide small amount of lubrication during intercourse, help reduce acidity of vagina

Answer 27

Secretions of bulbourethral and mucuous glands

Question 28

• Sperm cells + small amount of fluid

Answer 28

Testicular secretions

Question 29

* Thick mucuslike * Contains sugar fructose * Contains nutrients to nourish sperm cells * Contains proteins that weakly coagulate after ejaculation and enzymes * Prostaglandins –

Answer 29

Seminal Vesicle secretions

Question 30

high conc. in seminal vesicle secretions, cause contractions of female reproductive tract to help transport sperm through tract

Answer 30

Prostaglandins –

Question 31

* Thin and milky and alkaline * Help neutralize acidic urethra, testes secretions, seminal vesicles and vagina * Have proteolytic enzymes – break down coagulated proteins of seminal vesicles, make semen more liquid * Alkalinity is important for normal sperm cell function

Answer 31

prostate gland secretions

Question 32

o Optimal sperm cells need ph of

Answer 32

6.0-6.5

Question 33

mechanism for development of reproductive structures, 2nd sex characterisitcs, spermatogenesis, some aspects of intercourse

Answer 33

hormonal

Question 34

mechanism for control of sexual act, expression of sexual behavior

Answer 34

Neural

Question 35

surgical removal of prepuce, for hygienic purposes too

Answer 35

Circumcision –

Question 36

causes cells in anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH

Answer 36

GnRH –

Question 37

binds to Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

Answer 37

LH –

Question 38

binds to Sertoli cells to promote sperm cell development | -increases inhibin secretion

Answer 38

FSH –

Question 39

*For GnRH to stimulate LH and FSH release, pituitary gland must be exposed to a

Answer 39

series of brief increases and decreases in GnRH.

Question 40

sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult

Answer 40

puberty

Question 41

major male hormone secreted by testes - influences reproductive organs and nonreproductive structures - causes enlargement of and differentiation of male genitals and reproductive duct system - necessary for spermatogenesis and development of male secondary sex characteristics - maintains adult structures after puberty

Answer 41

TESTOSTERONE-

Question 42

structural and behavioral changes other than in reproductive organs -develop at puberty, distinguish M from F

Answer 42

Secondary sex characteristics –

Question 43

o hair distribution & growth o fat distribution o skeletal muscle growth o changes in larynx

Answer 43

Secondary sex characteristics –

Question 44

required for normal sexual behavior - enters certain cells w/in brain to influence functions - blood levels remain relatively constant from puberty until age 40

Answer 44

Testosterone –

Question 45

– series of reflexes that result in penis erection, mucus secretion into urethra, emission and ejaculation

Answer 45

MALE SEX ACT

Question 46

movement of sperm, mucus, seminal vesicle and prostatic secretions into the 3 parts of urethra

Answer 46

Emission

Question 47

forceful expulsion of secretions that have accumulated in urethra to exterior

Answer 47

Ejaculation –

Question 48

intense sensation interpreted as pleasurable, closely related with ejaculation (but are separate functions and do not always occur simultaneously)

Answer 48

Orgasm or climax –

Question 49

occurs after ejaculation - penis becomes flaccid - overall feeling of satisfaction - inability to achieve erection and 2nd ejaculation

Answer 49

o Resolution –

Question 50

ejaculation while sleeping | -common in young males, associated with dreaming

Answer 50

o Nocturnal Emission –

Question 51

1st major component of male sex act - parasym AP cause arteries of the erectile tissues to dilate - blood fills sinusoids (small venous sinuses), compresses veins, reduces blood flow to penis - ↑ blood pressure cause erectile tissue to become inflated and rigid

Answer 51

ERECTION –

Question 52

impotence, failure to achieve erection

Answer 52

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED) –

Question 53

Causes of ED

Answer 53

o Reduced testosterone secretion | o Defective stimulation of erectile tissue

Question 54

stimulated by sympathetic AP that originate in lumbar region of spinal cord -accumulation of semen in urethra

Answer 54

EMISSION –

Question 55

before it, vas deferens begin to contract rhythmically, propelling sperm cells and testicular fluids from epididymis through vas deferens - result from contractions of smooth muscle in urethra wall and skeletal muscles surrounding penis base - forcing semen out of urethra - increased muscle tension

Answer 55

EJACULATION –

Question 56

– reduced or diminished infertility

Answer 56

INFERTILITY

Question 57

CAUSES OF INFERTILITY

Answer 57

: o Low sperm cell count (belowe 20 M sc per ml) o Abnormal sperm cell structure o Reduced sperm cell motility (caused by presence of antibodies)

Question 58

collection of several ejaculation, concentration of sperm cells, insertion into the female RT

Answer 58

Artificial Insemination –