Human beings are
highly complex species
most important
yet mysterious structure
Brain
Our sensations, perceptions,
needs, desires,
feelings, emotions,
thoughts, and memories,
all are guided by
the
Very powerful mind
The branch of psychology
concerned with the
relationship between the
physical functioning of an
organism and its behavior.
Physiological psychology
It is also the scientific study of
the biological origins of
behavior.
It is the joining of
both psychology and physiology
that permits understanding of
human behavior; normal and
abnormal.
It tries to explain behavior
in terms of the
physiological change that
occur inside the body.
Physiological Psychology
It is not enough to
have good mind; the
main thing is to use
it well.
Rene Descartes
PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS
OF physiological
PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophy
Animism
Monoism
Dualism
originally concerned
itself with the basis of human knowledge and thought.
Philosophers soon realized
that in order to understand the basis of knowledge, they must understand the nature of reality,
(‘love of wisdom”)
Philosophy
the
predecessor of physical and biological
science.
natural philosophy
an ancient belief that natural
phenomena were caused by animating
spirits.
All moving object – “animals, the
wind and tides, the sun, moon, and stars” were assumed to have spirits that caused
them to move.
Animism
suggests that the nature of reality is
dual, that is, the mind and the body
are viewed as being two separate
entities.
It is believed that the body is made
up of the physical material, while
the mind is not.
Dualism
a French philosopher and mathematician, believed that the soul could control the body.
Formulated the first physiological model of behavior.
Rene Descartes
believed that the only one sort of
substance is there in the universe.
Thus, the universe consists of only
matter and energy
. When the body
interacts with the environment, the
mind is created.
Human is a unified whole
the mind is a phenomenon produced by the
workings of the body and its
interaction with the muscles.
What we call “mind” is a
consequence of the functioning of
the body and its interactions with
the environment
Monism
Under Monism
Determinism And Freewill
is a belief
that the world is an
orderly place where each
events is determined by
the events that precede it
Determinism
is a belief that
the mind is not constrained
by physiology, they are
able to act on their own
will
Freewill
BIOLOGICAL ROOTS OF
PHYSIOLOGICALPSYCHOLOGY
Luigi Galvani
Johannes Muller
Jean Pierre Flourens
Paul Broca
Gustav Fritsh and Eduard Hitzig
Charles Darwin
Wilhelm Wundt
Herman Von Helmholtz
He was the first scientist who attempted to measure the speed of conduction.
It is slower than 90 ft/seconds
In his 1850 experiment,
measured the speed of the nerve impulse in a frog’s sciatic nerve, finding it to be approximately 90 feet per second (about 27 meters per second).
He used a special instrument called a myograph to measure the time it took for the electrical signal to travel along the nerve, a technique that was a significant innovation at the time and helped to prove that nerve impulses involved physical, not mysterious, processes.
HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ (1821-1994)
He found that stimulation of a frog’s nervecaused the muscle to which it was attached to contract or twitch if electrical current as made to flow through them.
The muscle would contract even when the
muscle and the nerve attached to it were
removed from the rest of the body; thus,
pressurized ventricular.
Luigi Galvani
He is one of the founders of experimental
physiology.
His most important
contribution was his “doctrine of specific
nerve energies.”
He observed that
although all nerves carry the same basic
message (an electric impulse) we perceive the messages of different nerves in
different ways
Johannes Muller
Performed the method called
“experimental ablation.”
He removed
various parts of animals’ brains and
observed their behavior
. By seeing
what the animal could no longer do,
he infer the function of the missing
portion of the brain.
Jean Pierre Flourens
Applied the principle of experimental ablation
to human brain,
he did not intentionally
remove parts of human brain
. Instead, he
observed people whose brain had been
damage by strokes. In 1861 he performed an
autopsy on the brain of a man who had had
stroke that caused him to lose the ability of
speak, which led Broca’s observation that the
left side of the cerebral cortex performs
functions necessary for speech.
Paul Broca
used electrical stimulation as a
tool for understanding the physiology of
the brain.
They applied weak electrical
shock to the exposed surface of a dog’s
cerebral cortex and found that stimulation
of different portions of a specific region of
the cortex caused contraction of specific
muscles on the opposite side of the body.
GUSTAV FRITSCH& EDUARD HITZIG
His
book “Expression of the Emotions in Man
and Animal”
in 1872 talked about the
continuity of facial expressions across
different cultures.
This book is still
important source of valuable information
for the researchers studying emotion
Charles Darwin
