[PULMO] AnaPhy Flashcards by Mind Med

What is the term used to describe the condition in which there is too much carbon dioxide in the systemic arteries, which is generally caused by hypoventilation, lung disease, diminished consciousness, or by rebreathing exhaled carbon dioxide.

a. Hypocapnea
b. Hypercapnea
c. Hypoxia
d. Hypoxemia

b. Hypercapnea

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Hyperventilation in the absence of increased CO2 production results in:

a. Hypoxemia
b. Alkalosis
c. Acidosis
d. Hypoxemia

b. Alkalosis

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Located in the nucleus parabrachialis?

a. Ventral respiratory group
b. Pneumotaxic center
c. Dorsal respiratory group
d. Apneustic center

b. Pneumotaxic center

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Normal volume of dead space air:

a. 50 mL
b. 100 mL
c. 150 mL
d. 250 mL

c. 150 mL

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A therapist observes a patient’s breathing as part of a respiratory assessment. Which muscle of respiration is MOST active during forced inspiration?

a. Diaphragm
b. External intercostals
c. Internal intercostals
d. Upper trapezius

d. Upper trapezius

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The afferent (sensory) endings for the Hering-Breuer reflex are stretch receptors (mechanoreceptors) in the:

a. superior and inferior vena cava
a. aorta and carotid arteries
c. capillaries
a. aorta and carotid arteries

c. lungs

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The respiratory center is located in the ____ and _____

Pons and Medulla oblongata

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Apneustic center location:

Lower pons

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The main stem bronchi bifurcates at the level of:

Carina

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Segments of the superior lobe of right lung?

Apical, posterior & anterior

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What structure represents the start of the lower respiratory tract?

A. Larynx
B. Pharynx
C. Trachea
D. Main Bronchi

C. Trachea

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Inspiration requires:

A. Increase in intrathoracic volume
B. Decrease in intrathoracic volume
C. No change in intrathoracic volume

A. Increase in intrathoracic volume

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A patient with restrictive lung disease secondary to circumferential thoracic burns demonstrates decreased ability to expand the lower rib cage and push the abdominal wall anteriorly. The therapist should consider the use of facilitation techniques to enhance the function of which of the following?

A. SCM
B. Anterior scalenes
C. Diaphragm
D. None

C. Diaphragm

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Which of the following shows the correct relationship?

A. FRC = RV + ERV + VT
B. TLC = (FRC - ERV) + VC
C. TLC = FRC + ERV + VC
D. FRC = IRV + ERV

B. TLC = (FRC - ERV) + VC

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What is the normal pH range in arterial blood gas (ABG)?
A) 7.10 – 7.30
B) 7.35 – 7.45
C) 7.50 – 7.60
D) 7.00 – 7.20

B) 7.35 – 7.45

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Which ABG parameter normally ranges from 35 to 45 mmHg?
A) PaO2
B) HCO3
C) PaCO2
D) SaO2

C) PaCO2

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What does a PaO2 value of 80–100 mmHg indicate?
A) Normal oxygen partial pressure
B) Hypoxemia
C) Hypercapnia
D) Metabolic acidosis

A) Normal oxygen partial pressure

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Which of the following symptoms is associated with respiratory alkalosis?
A) Numbness and tingling
B) Bradycardia
C) Cyanosis
D) Edema

A) Numbness and tingling

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What condition is indicated by Kussmaul breathing?
A) Metabolic acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

A) Metabolic acidosis

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The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right under which condition?
A) Elevated pH
B) Decreased CO2
C) Increased temperature
D) Decreased 2,3-DPG

C) Increased temperature

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What effect does 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) have on oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
A) Increases affinity
B) Decreases affinity
C) No effect
D) Converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin

B) Decreases affinity

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What happens to oxygen delivery at the tissues when the dissociation curve shifts to the right?
A) Oxygen delivery decreases
B) Oxygen delivery increases
C) Oxygen delivery stays the same
D) Oxygen binding in lungs increases

B) Oxygen delivery increases

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The Bohr effect refers to:
A) Oxygen binding increasing CO2 affinity
B) CO2 binding decreasing oxygen affinity
C) Carbon monoxide binding to hemoglobin
D) pH increase shifting the curve left

B) CO2 binding decreasing oxygen affinity

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Which brain structure contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?
A) Midbrain
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Pons
D) Cerebellum

B) Medulla oblongata

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The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is responsible for: A) Inspiration only B) Expiration and inspiration C) Voluntary control of respiration D) Cardiovascular reflexes

B) Expiration and inspiration

Which center in the brain limits inspiration by switching off the inspiratory ramp signal? A) Apneustic center B) Pneumotaxic center C) Dorsal respiratory group D) Medullary rhythmicity center

B) Pneumotaxic center

Chemoreceptors that respond to changes in PaO2 and pH are located in: A) Central nervous system only B) Carotid and aortic bodies C) Medulla oblongata only D) Alveoli

B) Carotid and aortic bodies

A decrease in pH in the blood leads to: A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Respiratory acidosis C) Increase in ventilation D) Decreased tidal volume

C) Increase in ventilation

What is the normal value range for bicarbonate (HCO3) in ABG? A) 10-15 mEq/L B) 22-26 mEq/L C) 30-35 mEq/L D) 5-10 mEq/L

B) 22-26 mEq/L

What happens to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in fetal hemoglobin? A) Shifts right B) Shifts left C) No shift D) Becomes flat

B) Shifts left

What type of chemoreceptors mainly respond to hydrogen ion concentration in cerebrospinal fluid? A) Peripheral chemoreceptors B) Central chemoreceptors C) Baroreceptors D) Mechanoreceptors

B) Central chemoreceptors

In arterial blood gas, a low pH with high PaCO2 indicates: A) Metabolic alkalosis B) Respiratory acidosis C) Metabolic acidosis D) Respiratory alkalosis

B) Respiratory acidosis

Paco2 is inversely related to which arterial blood gas parameter? A) HCO3- B) pH C) PaO2 D) SaO2

B) pH

What symptom is associated with respiratory acidosis? A) Anxiety and restlessness B) Headache C) Muscle twitching D) Numbness and tingling

B) Headache

What is indicated by fully compensated metabolic acidosis on ABG? A) Normal pH, low HCO3, low PaCO2 B) Low pH, low HCO3, high PaCO2 C) High pH, high HCO3, low PaCO2 D) Normal pH, normal HCO3, normal PaCO2

A) Normal pH, low HCO3, low PaCO2

What is the function of the pneumotaxic center? A) Initiates inspiration B) Prevents apneusis by limiting inspiration C) Activates the diaphragm only D) Controls expiration muscles

B) Prevents apneusis by limiting inspiration

What is the tidal volume (TV) in normal pulmonary volumes? A) 1500 mL B) 1000 mL C) 500 mL D) 3000 mL

C) 500 mL

Which lung volume cannot be measured by spirometry? A) Tidal volume (TV) B) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) C) Residual volume (RV) D) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

C) Residual volume (RV)

The term "dead space air" refers to: A) Air that participates in gas exchange B) Air trapped in alveoli only C) Air present in the airways but not involved in gas exchange D) Residual volume in lungs

C) Air present in the airways but not involved in gas exchange

Which symptom is early sign of respiratory alkalosis? A) Syncope B) Early tetany C) Lethargy D) Dizziness

D) Dizziness

What causes a left shift in the O2-Hgb dissociation curve? A) Increased CO2 B) Increased pH C) Increased temperature D) Exercise

B) Increased pH

What would be a compensatory response to high PaCO2 and metabolic acidosis? A) Hyperventilation B) Hypoventilation C) Decreased respiratory rate D) No change

A) Hyperventilation

Which respiratory center is located in the lower pons and prevents the switching off of the inspiratory ramp signal? A) Pneumotaxic center B) Apneustic center C) Dorsal respiratory group D) Ventral respiratory group

B) Apneustic center

What is the normal value of Total Lung Capacity (TLC) in milliliters? a) 4500 mL b) 6000 mL c) 3500 mL d) 2500 mL

b) 6000 mL

What is the approximate volume of Residual Volume (RV) in milliliters? a) 500 mL b) 1500 mL c) 1000 mL d) 3000 mL

b) 1500 mL

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) includes which of the following lung volumes? a) IRV + TV b) ERV + RV c) TV + ERV d) IRV + TV + ERV

b) ERV + RV

Which device is used to measure lung volumes such as Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity but cannot measure Residual Volume? a) Body plethysmograph b) Spirometer c) Helium washout d) Nitrogen washout

b) Spirometer

What is the normal Tidal Volume (TV) in milliliters? a) 1000 mL b) 1500 mL c) 500 mL d) 2500 mL

c) 500 mL

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the sum of which volumes? a) IRV + TV b) ERV + RV c) TV + ERV d) IRV + ERV

a) IRV + TV

What is the typical normal value of Vital Capacity (VC) in milliliters? a) 3500 mL b) 4500 mL c) 6000 mL d) 2500 mL

b) 4500 mL

What is the normal value of Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) in milliliters? a) 2500 mL b) 3500 mL c) 1000 mL d) 6000 mL

a) 2500 mL

total cartilage inside the larynx: a. 7 b. 8 c. 9 d. 10

c. 9 Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis (1) Arytenoid, Cuneiform, Corniculate (2)

most caudal cartilage of the larynx a. Thyroid, b. Cricoid c. Arytenoid d. Corniculate

b. Cricoid

most common site for emergency intubation a. pharynx b. larynx c. trachea

b. larynx

carina of lung a. T1 b. T2 c. T3 d. T4

d. T4

normal pressure in the pleural space a. 0 mmHg b. 4 mmHg c. -4 mmHg d. 10 mmHg

c. -4 mmHg

found in the false ribs Increase lateral diameter a. pump handle motion b. bucket-handle motion c. caliper motion d. piston action

b. bucket-handle motion

increase AP diameter a. pump handle motion b. bucket-handle motion c. caliper motion d. piston action

a. pump handle motion

found in the floating ribs a. pump handle motion b. bucket-handle motion c. caliper motion d. piston action

c. caliper motion

observed in the diaphragm a. pump handle motion b. bucket-handle motion c. caliper motion d. piston action

d. piston action * Inhalation: downward and outward * Exhalation: upward and inward

inspiratory ramp signal: a. 2 seconds inhale, 3 seconds exhale b. 1 seconds inhale, 3 seconds exhale c. 3 seconds inhale, 2 seconds exhale d. 3 seconds inhale, 1 seconds exhale

a. 2 seconds inhale, 3 seconds exhale

In which acid-base disorder does uncompensated respiratory acidosis present? A) pH low, PaCO2 high, HCO3 normal B) pH normal, PaCO2 high, HCO3 high C) pH low, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 low D) pH normal, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 high

A) pH low, PaCO2 high, HCO3 normal

What is the primary characteristic of partially compensated metabolic alkalosis? A) pH normal, high PaCO2, high HCO3 B) pH high, normal PaCO2, high HCO3 C) pH high, high PaCO2, high HCO3 D) pH low, high PaCO2, high HCO3

C) pH high, high PaCO2, high HCO3

Which of the following ABG results best describes fully compensated metabolic acidosis? A) pH normal, PaCO2 low, HCO3 low B) pH low, PaCO2 high, HCO3 low C) pH normal, PaCO2 high, HCO3 high D) pH high, PaCO2 low, HCO3 high

A) pH normal, PaCO2 low, HCO3 low

During uncompensated metabolic acidosis, which blood gas values are typically observed? A) pH low, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 low B) pH normal, PaCO2 high, HCO3 low C) pH low, PaCO2 high, HCO3 normal D) pH high, PaCO2 low, HCO3 high

A) pH low, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 low

A patient with partially compensated respiratory alkalosis is expected to have which of these ABG patterns? A) pH low, PaCO2 low, HCO3 normal B) pH high, PaCO2 low, HCO3 low C) pH normal, PaCO2 low, HCO3 low D) pH high, PaCO2 normal, HCO3 low

B) pH high, PaCO2 low, HCO3 low

What distinguishes fully compensated respiratory acidosis from partially compensated respiratory acidosis? A) pH is low in fully compensated B) pH is back within normal range in fully compensated C) PaCO2 is normal in fully compensated D) HCO3 is low in fully compensated

B) pH is back within normal range in fully compensated

Which disorder is characterized by a high pH, low PaCO2, and normal HCO3, indicating uncompensated state? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

A) Respiratory alkalosis

Which term best describes a disorder with low pH, high PaCO2, and high HCO3? A) Partially compensated respiratory acidosis B) Fully compensated respiratory alkalosis C) Uncompensated metabolic acidosis D) Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis

A) Partially compensated respiratory acidosis

In fully compensated respiratory alkalosis, what would you expect to see? A) pH normal, low PaCO2, low HCO3 B) pH high, low PaCO2, low HCO3 C) pH normal, high PaCO2, low HCO3 D) pH low, low PaCO2, high HCO3

A) pH normal, low PaCO2, low HCO3

At the apex of the upright lung compared to the base, which is TRUE? a. Ventilation and perfusion are both higher, but perfusion is disproportionately lower b. Ventilation and perfusion are both lower, but perfusion is disproportionately lower

b. Ventilation and perfusion are both lower, but perfusion is disproportionately lower

Law that explains ventilation

Boyle's Law

Normal V/A ratio

0.8 (80%) Ventilation: 4L Perfusion: 5L

TRUE OR FALSE: cystic fibrosis is a form of COPD

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Mouth breathing takes in lesser O2 concentrations

True

Most common site of emergency intubation

Larynx

Most common site of intubation

Trachea

Common aspiration site of LARGE objects

R main bronchi

Common aspiration site of SMALL objects

R lobar bronchi

Functional unit of the lung

Acinus Structural - alveoli

Lung pleura sensitive to stretch

Visceral

Lung pleura sensitive to pain

Parietal

Muscle for forced inspiration, except A. Serratus anterior B. Serratus posterior superior C. Serratus posterior inferior D. Scalenes

C. Serratus posterior inferior

Muscle for forced expiration, except A. Internal intercostal B. External intercostal C. Abdominals D. NOTA

B. External intercostal

Located in the nucleus tractus solitarius? a. Ventral respiratory group b. Pneumotaxic center c. Dorsal respiratory group d. Apneustic center

c. Dorsal respiratory group

Located in the nucleus ambiguus? a. Ventral respiratory group b. Pneumotaxic center c. Dorsal respiratory group d. Apneustic center

a. Ventral respiratory group

Which disorder is characterized by weakness, mental dullness, increased DTRs, muscle twitching? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

B) Metabolic alkalosis

Which disorder is characterized by coma, lethargy, nausea, kussmal breathing? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic acidosis

Which disorder is characterized by restlesness, anxiety, disorientation, dyspnea? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

C) Respiratory acidosis

Which disorder is characterized by dizziness, numbness, early tetany, and tingling? A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

A) Respiratory alkalosis

COPD Asthma Atelectasis A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

C) Respiratory acidosis

Hypoxemia Hyperventilation Pain Ventilator A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

A) Respiratory alkalosis

Vomitting Diuretics Nasogastric suction A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

B) Metabolic alkalosis

Diarrhea Renal failure A) Respiratory alkalosis B) Metabolic alkalosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) Metabolic acidosis

D) Metabolic acidosis

TV A. 500 ml B. 1000 ml C. 1500 ml D. 2000 ml E. 2500 ml F. 3000 ml G. 3500 ml

A. 500 ml

ERV A. 500 ml B. 1000 ml C. 1500 ml D. 2000 ml E. 2500 ml F. 3000 ml G. 3500 ml

B. 1000 ml

IRV A. 500 ml B. 1000 ml C. 1500 ml D. 2000 ml E. 2500 ml F. 3000 ml G. 3500 ml

F. 3000 ml

RV A. 500 ml B. 1000 ml C. 1500 ml D. 2000 ml E. 2500 ml F. 3000 ml G. 3500 ml

C. 1500 ml

FRC A. 500 ml B. 1000 ml C. 1500 ml D. 2000 ml E. 2500 ml F. 3000 ml G. 3500 ml

E. 2500 ml

The following lung volumes CANNOT be measured by a spirometry, except: A. FRC B. RV C. TLC D. VC

D. VC Use helium or nitrogen washout / body plethysmograph (indirect spirometry)

[PULMO] AnaPhy Flashcards

(100 cards)