RM 1&2

Question 1

what does reliability refer to?

Answer 1

how consistent a study or measure device is, so if you repeat the study, how similar the results would be (ignoring societal changes);

Question 2

what does validity mean?

Answer 2

to what extent a piece of research measures what it claims to measure;

Question 3

what is internal validity?

Answer 3

extent to which what researcher is measuring what was intended, in an experiment it refers to the control of variables to ensure that changes in DV are based on IV;

Question 4

what is ecological validity?

Answer 4

The extent to which a study is realistic or representative of real life - behaviour would occur in normal circumstances;

Question 5

what does external validity mean? what are the 2 types?

Answer 5

the extent to which the results can be generalised beyond the research, there are 2 types: ecological and population;

Question 6

what is the thing to remember the 6 ethical issues?

Answer 6

can do cant do with participants;

Question 7

What are the 6 ethical guidelines?

Answer 7

CDCDWP: Consent, Deception, Confidentiality, Debrief, Right to Withdraw, Protection of participants;

Question 8

what is informed consent? how do you deal with it?

Answer 8

A participant’s agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect.
- consent letter
- detail of the study
- if under 16 parental consent required;

Question 9

what is the right to withdraw? how do you deal with it?

Answer 9

A participant’s right to leave a study at any time and their ability to do so.
remind the participant that they have the freedom to withdraw their data;

Question 10

what is deception? and how do you deal with it

Answer 10

misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
consent form: knowing all aspects of the study
all details debrief
reassure behaviour is normal/typical;

Question 11

what is presumptive consent?

Answer 11

assuming theyll be fine -
instead of getting consent from the participants themselves, a similar group of people asked if study is acceptable, if they agree, the consent of the original participant is ‘presumed’;

Question 12

what is prior general consent?

Answer 12

participants give permission to take part in a few different studies, including one that involved deception. By consenting, they effectively give consent to be deceived.;

Question 13

what is retrospective consent?

Answer 13

Consent after the study;

Question 14

what is confidentiality?

Answer 14

Protecting information against unauthorized access and use about the participant including name;

Question 15

how do you deal with confidentiality?

Answer 15

• maintain anonymity
• numbers or initials used
• particpants reminded their data will be protected;

Question 16

what is protection of participants?

Answer 16

Researchers should not cause any psychological or physical harm, and should leave an experiment in the same state they entered;

Question 17

how do you deal with protection of participants?

Answer 17

You monitor the participants during the research and allow them to withdraw at any point and stop the research of you feel they are under too much stress. If not then fully debrief them at the end of the research and check on their well being and allow them to withdraw their data if they want. You can also check on them after they have left the research setting to makes sure they are not effected long term.;

Question 18

what is debriefing? (not an ethical issue)

Answer 18

A description of the true nature and purpose of a study that is given to a participant after the study has ended.;

Question 19

What is population validity?

Answer 19

the extent to which the findings can be generalized to other populations;

Question 20

what is historical validity?

Answer 20

the degree to which the results can be generalized across time;

Question 21

what does operationalisation mean?

Answer 21

defining a variable by specifying how they can be measured;

Question 22

What is extraneous variables?

Answer 22

any variables other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable (if not controlled)
(if controlled, then in IV increases);

Question 23

what are co-founding variables?

Answer 23

extraneous variable that hasn’t been controlled; reducing internal validity of results;

Question 24

what’s the difference between cofounding variables and extraneous variables?

Answer 24

confounding variables are uncontrolled extraneous variables that may affect the DV (reducing IV), whereas extraneous variables are controlled so they don’t affect the results;

Question 25

what is situational variable? how can they be controlled

Answer 25

things about your environment/task being set that might affect behaviour in study (temp) these can be controlled by having a standardised experiment and procedures;

Question 26

what is participant variable? how can they be controlled?

Answer 26

characteristic of individual that might affect study - gender, age , personality or ability they can be controlled by using matched pairs/repeated measures;

Question 27

what are demand characteristics? how can they be controlled

Answer 27

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behaviour is expected; result of social desirability effect they can be controlled by using different participants in each condition or counterbalancing;

Question 28

what are the 4 types of experiments?

Answer 28

lab, field, natural and quasi;

Question 29

what is a lab experiment?

Answer 29

controlled environment; allows the researcher manipulates the IV (to control EV);

Question 30

strengths and weaknesses of lab experiment

Answer 30

+ control over extraneous variable - so only IV affects DV inc internal validity + highly replicable - demand characteristics shown - low ecological validity;

Question 31

what is a field experiment?

Answer 31

(natural environment) An experiment set up in the real world, (usually participants unaware that they're in study) manipulated iV;

Question 32

strengths and weaknesses of field experiment

Answer 32

+ High ecological validity ( generalised to population) + Low demand characteristics - Less control over the extraneous variables so they may turn in to confounding variables - hard to replicate - unethical;

Question 33

what is a natural experiment?

Answer 33

IV and DV are natural, natural environment;

Question 34

strengths and weaknesses of natural experiment

Answer 34

+ high ecological validity + low demand characteristics (unaware) + ethical method -low control over extraneous variable - difficult to replicate;

Question 35

what is a quasi experiment?

Answer 35

IV is pre-existing/natural (age/gender), taken in controlled conditions (lab);

Question 36

strengths and weaknesses of quasi experiment

Answer 36

+ control over extraneous variables, replicable - potentially reduced ecological validity, lower control over extraneous variable than lab;

Question 37

what are investigator effects?

Answer 37

Any effect of the researches behaviour on the research outcome characteristics: personality, appearance, age;

Question 38

examples of investigator effects

Answer 38

1. Physical characteristics 2. less obvious personal characteristics 3. investigator subconsciously bias their data interpretation and find what they expected to find;

Question 39

control for investigator effects

Answer 39

speak same to everyone, neutral reactions, standardised script, train, less researchers, randomly select participants, multiple researches view study;

Question 40

what is quantitative data?

Answer 40

data with numerical values e.g. how many yes or no's making it easy to analyse but lacks detail its objective and can be reliable;

Question 41

what is qualitive data?

Answer 41

Data that is expressed in words and non-numerical but is rich in detail making it difficult to analyse its very subjective;

Question 42

compare qualitive data to quantitative data? (4 comparisons)

Answer 42

qualitive data is subjective where as quantitative data is objective qualitive data is non numerical where as quantitative data is numerical which makes it easier to analyse qualitive data is rich in detail where as quantitative data isn't making it more restrictive qualitive data is low in reliability where as quantitative data is high in reliability;

Question 43

what is standardisation?

Answer 43

ways in which procedures/materials within an investigation are kept the same for all participants;

Question 44

what is randomisation?

Answer 44

chance to minimise the researchers influence on the design/materials/procedures + eliminates investigator bias;

Question 45

what are open ended questions and what do they generate?

Answer 45

answers that require descriptive answers (e.g. how did you feel on your first day of school?) QUALITIVE DATA - data with words;

Question 46

strengths and weakness of open ended questions

Answer 46

+ rich detailed information as they interpret the question as they wish. - qualitive data not easy to analyse so difficult to check reliability;

Question 47

what are closed ended questions and what do they generate?

Answer 47

yes/no type of questions (e.g. did you have a happy childhood) they generate QUANTITIVE DATA - data with numbers;

Question 48

strengths and weakness of closed ended questions

Answer 48

+ Quantitative data = easy to analyse, easier to analyse - answers are limited = less IV;

Question 49

what is self report data?

Answer 49

when the participant gives information to researcher, often responding to questions;

Question 50

what is a questionnaire?

Answer 50

participants record their answers to a pre-set list of questions usually concerning behaviour, opinions and attitudes.;

Question 51

what are the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires

Answer 51

+ quick to collect data, validity of findings, easy to replicate, researcher bias is unlikely to affect results - self-report data may not be valid, leading questions, misinterpretation;

Question 52

what are the types of interviews?

Answer 52

structured and unstructured;

Question 53

what is a structured interview?

Answer 53

where all participants are asked to answer the same questions in a fixed order, questionnaire done face to face;

Question 54

what is an unstructured interview?

Answer 54

no set questions there is a general topic to be discussed but the interaction is free flowing and the interviewee is encouraged to elaborate, its like a conversation;

Question 55

strengths and weaknesses of interviews?

Answer 55

Strengths - can ask for clarification if misunderstood - can get more detail/interviewer can ask a follow up question Weaknesses - social desirability bias - not anonymous - more time consuming; can only carry out one interview at a time - interviewer must be present - have to have prior training (this is needed);

Question 56

when conducting a questionnaire what does the researchers consider?

Answer 56

aims, length, previous questionnaires, pilot study and measurement scales;

Question 57

What is a likert scale?

Answer 57

give statement with set written questions;

Question 58

what is a rating scale?

Answer 58

a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale;