The Royal Compendium #2 > Science Section I > Flashcards

Science Section I Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is a coronal mass ejection?

A

a burst of plasma from the Sun

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2
Q

What event occurred in 1859 regarding the Sun?

A

a coronal mass ejection

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3
Q

What usually absorbs most of what space throws at Earth?

A

the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field

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4
Q

What was special about the coronal mass ejection in 1859?

A

it was unusually strong

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5
Q

Where does aurora borealis occur?

A

the high latitudes near the North pole

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6
Q

Where does aurora australis occur?

A

the Southern Hemisphere

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7
Q

What was the result of the coronal mass ejection in 1859?

A

aurora could be seen in the tropics and telegraph wires all over the US caught fire

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8
Q

What caused the telegraph wires in the US to catch fire during the coronal mass ejection in 1859?

A

an intense electromagnetic field

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9
Q

What does CME stand for?

A

coronal mass ejection

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10
Q

How would the effect change if a CME like that one occurred today?

A

it would be much more catastrophic

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11
Q

What is our civilization powered by?

A

electricity

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12
Q

What century saw a great development in our understanding of electricity and how it can be harnessed and controlled?

A

the 19th century

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13
Q

At the start of the 20s, what percent of homes had electricity?

A

1 in 3; 33%

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14
Q

By the end of the 20s, what percent of homes had electricity?

A

70%

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15
Q

When did radios become widely available?

A

1923

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16
Q

In 1914, what percent of manufacturing was electrified?

A

30%

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17
Q

In 1929, what percent of manufacturing was electrified?

A

70%

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18
Q

What did electricity in manufacturing allow for?

A

the mass production of goods

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19
Q

What was the force created when rubbing certain materials together called?

A

electric force

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20
Q

Who called it electric force?

A

William Gilbert

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21
Q

When did William Gilbert coin the term electric force?

A

1600

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22
Q

William Gilbert coined electric force while experimenting with what?

A

amber

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23
Q

What is the Greek word for amber?

A

elektron

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24
Q

What is required to know the underlying cause of electric force?

A

an understanding of the fundamental properties of matter

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25
In Western thought for centuries, everything was thought to be the result of the combination of what materials?
earth, air, fire, and water
26
Why can't an element be made of anything?
Elements make up everything.
27
What is water made of?
hydrogen and oxygen
28
In philosophy, why is an element fundamental?
It's fundamental because an element cannot be made of anything because everything is made of it.
29
Are elements really fundamental?
No, because smaller things make them up.
30
Each element is made up of lots of what?
atoms
31
The word atom is Greek for what?
indivisible
32
What is a Leyden jar?
a device that can store electricity and deliver an electric shock to anyone who touches it
33
What important discovery had Franklin made in electrical charge?
that electrical charge is conserved, it can't be created or destroyed
34
On the subject of electricity, what is Franklin best known for?
his experiments with kites and thunderstorms
35
What is a particle in physics?
a fundamental piece of matter of which everything else is made
36
We can visualize atoms as a miniature version of ________ ________.
solar system
37
What is at the center of an atom?
the nucleus
38
What particles is the nucleus composed of?
protons and neutrons
39
How are protons and neutrons similar?
they have nearly the same mass
40
What is mass measured in?
kilograms
41
What is the mass of a typical adult human?
60-70 kg
42
What is mass sometimes referred to in terms of?
inertia
43
What is inertia?
resistance to changes in motion
44
What is the third type of particle, excluding protons and neutrons?
the electron
45
Where are electrons found in the atom?
orbiting the nucleus on the outer area
46
Do most atoms have the same number of protons and electrons?
Yes
47
How many protons and electrons does Hydrogen typically have?
1 proton and usually 1 electron
48
What number is Hydrogen on the periodic table?
1
49
What number is Oxygen on the periodic table?
8
50
How many protons and electrons does oxygen typically have?
8 protons and usually 8 electrons
51
What is the element number defined by?
its number of protons
52
What does electricity primarily involve?
the movement of electrons
53
True or False: Neutrons do not play a role in electricity at all.
True
54
Why do neutrons not play a role in electricity at all?
because they don't have an electrical charge
55
These two particle types have a positive electrical charge and a negative electrical charge.
proton and electron
56
What charges attract?
Opposite charges
57
What charges repel?
Like charges
58
What is the strength of a force measured in?
Newtons
59
What does Newton’s first law of motion state?
an object’s inertia will allow it to keep going as long as there are no forces to stop it
60
Why are protons and electrons pulled equally by their electrical attraction?
because they have the same amount of charge
61
Why don't protons and electrons have the same acceleration?
because the mass of a proton is over a thousand times the mass of an electron
62
How does the mass of a proton relate to the mass of an electron?
the mass of a proton is over a thousand times the mass of an electron
63
Are protons and neutrons truly fundamental?
No, since they are made up of even smaller particles
64
What are protons and neutrons made up of?
particles known as quarks
65
Are electrons truly fundamental?
Yes
66
Value of kilo (k) as in 20K dollars
1,000, 10^3, or thousand
67
Value of mega (M)
1,000,000, 10^6, or a million
68
Value of centi (c) as in centimenter
0.01, or 10^-2
69
Value of milli (m)
0.001, or 10^-3
70
Value of micro (μ)
0.000001, or 10^-6
71
Value of nano
0.000000001, or 10^-9
72
How many fundamental forces are in the universe?
4
73
What are the fundamental forces of the universe?
electricity, strong and weak nuclear forces in the nucleus, and gravity
74
What is a strong nuclear force?
the force that keeps protons and neutrons within the nucleus
75
What is weak nuclear force?
the force that transforms particles into other particles, mainly involved in radioactive decay
76
What is a weak nuclear force mainly involved in?
radioactive decay
77
What is gravity?
a force that pulls masses toward other masses.
78
What does the strength of gravity depend on?
the masses of the 2 objects and their distance apart
79
How are mass and gravitational force related?
They are proportional; greater mass means a greater gravitational force, and vice versa
80
Does mass or distance impact gravitational force more?
distance
81
Another name for the gravitational constant?
Newton's constant
82
What are m1 and m2 in the gravitational force formula?
the masses of two objects
83
What is r in the gravitational force formula?
distance between the two objects
84
What is G in the gravitational force formula?
gravitational constant
85
What is F_G in the gravitational force formula?
gravitational force
86
Mass of a proton
1.7 * 10^-27 kg
87
Mass of an electron
9.1 * 10^-31
88
Is G a very big or small number?
very small
89
What law represents the fundamental force of electricity?
Coulomb's Law
90
Who discovered Coulomb's Law?
Charles Coulomb
91
When was Coulomb's Law discovered? year
1785
92
What is Coulomb's Law?
93
What does q1 and q2 mean in Coulomb's Law represent?
The amount of charge on the 2 objects
94
What is q1 and q2 in Coulomb's Law measured in?
coulombs
95
What does r in Coulomb's Law mean?
it is the distance apart from the 2 objects
96
What is k in Coulomb's Law known as?
Coulomb constant
97
What are Coulomb's defined as in relation to?
human-scale devices
98
Since Coulomb's are defined in relation to human-scale devices, they are (large/small) compared to a proton or electron.
large
99
What does the phrase "charge is quantized" mean?
electricity comes in discrete, countable amounts
100
Coulomb's Law, like the gravitational force formula, is what type of law?
an inverse square
101
In Coulomb's Law, how does twice as much distance affect the electric force?
it gives it 1/4th as much electric force
102
How do gravity and electric force compare on being attractive and/or repulsive?
electric force is attractive and repulsive, whereas gravity is only attractive
103
The Royal Compendium #2
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