1
Q
Mental image
A
-visualization in ones head
2
Q
Concept
A
-mental representation of a group that shares a similar trait
3
Q
Natural concept
A
- a concept formed be our experiences
- ex) family
4
Q
Artificial concept
A
- a concept formed by logical rules
- ex) square
5
Q
Prototype
A
- object or event that best represents a natural object
- we associate best when a natural object matches our prototype
6
Q
Insight
A
- sudden realization of a solution
- ah-ha moment
- kholer and his chimps
7
Q
Algorithm
A
- step by step way to solve a problem
- guarantees a correct answer by going the “long way”
8
Q
Heuristics
A
- short cuts people use while thinking
- making judgements quickly but may lead to biases
9
Q
Availability Heuristic
A
- people base judgements on the ease with which they remember something
- ex) think driving is more dangerous because recently witnessed a car crash
10
Q
Anchoring Heuristic
A
- decisions are more based on an initial anchor
- ex) after writing down their social security number people will anchor their guess of the number of doctors in NYC to that number
11
Q
Representativeness Heuristic
A
- people classify something based on how similar it it to their prototype
- ex) if a president walks with confidence people will believe he is good at his job
12
Q
Functional Fixedness
A
-thinking of an object as only working in its normal way
13
Q
Mental Set
A
- persistence in using strategies that worked in the past
- sometimes can be an obstacle to problem solving
14
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
-trying to confirm what we know rather than disprove it
15
Q
Overconfidence Effect
A
-we underestimate the extent to which our beliefs are wrong
16
Q
Belief Perseverance
A
-belief remains intact even with contrary evidence
17
Q
Incubation
A
-stop working on a problem and just let it simmer
18
Q
Framing Effect
A
- the way a problem is posed can impact decision making
- ex) 90% survival rate VS. 10% death rate
19
Q
Intuition
A
- ones immediate judgement
- picking something up
20
Q
Convergent VS. Divergent Thinking
A
- convergent: narrowing many options to one
- divergent: coming up with new ideas
21
Q
Phonemes
A
- smallest unit of speech
- a sound
- 7 in the word blanket
22
Q
Morphemes
A
- smallest meaningful unit of language
- retested has three = re-again test ed-past
23
Q
Grammar
A
-rules specifying how many phonemes, morphemes, words and phrases should be combined to express thoughts
24
Q
Semantics
A
- system of using words to create meaning
- surface vs. deep structure
25
Syntax
- rules for word order
| - ex) White House VS. Casa Blanca
26
Surface Structure
- the precise string of words and exact meaning
| - order of words
27
Deep Structure
- underlying meaning
| - what is the intent of the words
28
One word Stage (Holographic)
- around 1
- speaks one word at a time
- family can understand
29
Two word (Telegraphic)
- before 2 years old
| - child starts to speak in two word sentences
30
Overgeneralization of Grammar
- using rules of grammar incorrectly
- usually before the age of 7
- ex) It was the most bestest fun
31
Chomsky (Biological)
- language is an inborn capacity and develops by maturation
- LAD: children have a built in system to aid in learning language
- critical period: u must learn language before age 7
- hard to learn a new language later in life
- universal grammar: all languages share some basic elements
- statistical learning of language: babies brains discern word breaks and know which syllables most often go together
32
Skinner/Behavioral
- language develops through rewards, punishments, imitation, and Reinforcement
- operant: making sounds reinforced with smiles
33
Whorf (Social-Cultural)
- language determines how you think (linguistic determinism)
- the more words we have to represent something the more we have to think about it and the more important it is to our culture
34
Animal Communication
- animals can communicate with each other
- dolphins and parrots can acquire some language
- still controversial whether humans are unique in ability to communicate
- many studies in which chimps learned some language, not necessarily true language or equivalent to human language (Kanzi, Washoe)
- criticism: imitation and observation rather than true Learning of syntax
35
Different hierarchies of concepts
- super ordinate: vehicle
- basic level: car and trucks
- subordinate level: sedans, convertibles, pickups etc.
36
Metacognition
-thinking about how you think of solve problems
37
ABD - formal (deductive) and informal (inductive) reasoning
- both in problem solving and scientific method
| - different because INDUCTIVE is from specific to general and DEDUCTIVE is from general to specific
38
ABD - mental set and functional fixedness
- alike because both are fixation (can't look at a problem from a fresh perspective)
- different because MENTAL SET is using the same problem solving procedure and FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS is only seeing an object as capable of its original function
39
ABD - availability and representative heuristic
- alike because both are "short cut" ways to think
- different because REPRESENTATIVE is judging a situation based on how well they match a stereotype while AVAILABILITY is estimating the probability of certain events based on how easily they come to mind
40
ABD - belief bias and belief perseverance
- alike because both are obstacles to logical thinking
- different because BELIEF BIAS is when preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning and BELIEF PERSEVERANCE is holding onto a belief after it has been discredited
41
ABD - convergent and divergent thinking
- alike because high are important to creativity
| - different because CONVERGENT is finding one solution while DIVERGENT produces many answers
42
ABD - phonemes and morphemes
- alike because both are structures of language
| - different because PHONEMES are the basic sound units while MORPHEMES are the smallest meaningful units of speech
43
ABD - semantics and syntax
- alike because both are parts of grammar
- different because SEMANTICS are the rules that enable us to derive meaning from language while SYNTAX are the rules for the order of words
44
Pragmatics
- how context contributes to meaning
| - what is implied or not explicitly said
45
Artificial Intelligence
- computer or machine intelligence
- can fail, works best in situations with set rules and lots of data
- things are fuzzy or not clear, computers don't work well
46
Working backwards
-problem solving by starting at the end and working towards the beginning
47
Means end analysis
-envisioning the end and then determining the best strategy for reaching that goal from current situation
48
Cognitive map
-mental representation of physical locations
49
Cognitive reserve
- resilience to neurological damage
| - how the brain uses its damaged resources
50
Mental Model
-psychological representation of a situation
Psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
-
Study Guide 1 - Psychology's History, Foundations, Approaches38
-
Study Guide 2 - Research Methods And Data Analysis56
-
Study Guide 3 - Biology Of Behavior92
-
Study Guide 4 - States Of Consciousness47
-
Study Guide 5 - Sensation And Perception141
-
Study Guide 6 - Human Development122
-
Study Guide 7 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress65
-
Study Guide 8 - Learning51
-
Study Guide 9 - Intelligence41
-
Study Guide 10 - Thinking And Language50
-
Study Guide 11 - Memory55
-
Study Guide 12 - Personality71
-
Study Guide 13 - Abnormal83
-
Study Guide 14 - Social56
