Study Guide 14 - Social

Question 1

Social categorization

Answer 1

• classifying people based on common traits

- classifying someone as poor based on their clothing

Question 2

Implicit Personality theory

Answer 2

• beliefs about the relationship among a certain type of person and their traits/behavior
• stereotypes

Question 3

Attribution theory

Answer 3

-how we explain behaviors
-situational (external)
OR
-dispositional (internal factors)

Question 4

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 4

-we think other act as certain way because of their character traits and ignore the situation

Question 5

Self Fulfilling prophecy

Answer 5

-expectations about someone can lead to those expectations being fulfilled

Question 6

Self serving bias

Answer 6

• we take credit for our success by attributing then to our traits
• and say failures are due to the situation

Question 7

Self effacing bias

Answer 7

• modesty bias
• blaming failures on US
• and success are due to be situation

Question 8

Actor observer bias

Answer 8

• OUR behavior = situational

- OTHERS behavior = dispositional

Question 9

Conformity

Answer 9

-when we adjust our ideas/behaviors to meet a group standard

Question 10

Informational Social Influence

Answer 10

• when situation had no clear right/wrong answer

- confirm to others behavior because we think it must be correct

Question 11

Normative Social Influence

Answer 11

• situation has a clear right or wrong answer

- give into social pressure to be accepted

Question 12

Asch’s Line Experiment

Answer 12

• group of fake participants, purposefully gave a wrong answer
• examined what last participant did
• last participant confirmed to incorrect answers about 1/3 of the time, even through they knew it was wrong
• example of normative social influence

Question 13

Influences on Conformity

Answer 13

-pressure to conform is highest when: 
Group is unanimous 
Behavior is public 
Group is large 
Group is attractive

Question 14

Just World hypothesis

Answer 14

• world is fair and people get what they deserve

- good things happen I good people

Question 15

Blaming the Victim

Answer 15

• tendency to blame an innocent victim for causing a problem or not preventing it
• caused by just world hypothesis

Question 16

3 components of attitude

Answer 16

• “A” affective = emotion
• “B” behavior
• “C” cognitive

Question 17

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 17

• changing an attitude
• central route: good explanation, processing info, attitude changes depending on quality of argument
• peripheral route: bad explanation, low processing, attitude change depends on how they persuade

Question 18

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 18

• tension when behavior conflicts with attitude

- either change views or behavior

Question 19

Social Loafing

Answer 19

• ppl use less energy on group tasks

- individualist cultures

Question 20

Social Striving

Answer 20

• work harder when in a group

- collectivist cultures

Question 21

Social Facilitation

Answer 21

• presence of others makes individual performance better

- easy tasks

Question 22

Social Interference

Answer 22

• presence of others hinders performance

- complex tasks

Question 23

De-individuation

Answer 23

• in a group ppl lose themselves and do irresponsible behaviors
• arousal increases
• diffusion of responsibility

Question 24

Group Polarization

Answer 24

-like minded people in a group creates extreme ideas

Question 25

Groupthink

Answer 25

- individuals hide their beliefs in a group to keep the peace - some groups then make bad decisions

Question 26

Cultural Orientations

Answer 26

- individualism - collectivism - conformity higher in collectivist

Question 27

Obedience

Answer 27

-obeying command because of perceived authority

Question 28

Milgram Obedience Study

Answer 28

- blind obedience - teachers gave shocks - most teachers finished the study!

Question 29

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 29

-comply because feel obliged to return a favor

Question 30

Foot in the door

Answer 30

- get someone to comply by having them first agree to a small request - then agree to a bigger request

Question 31

Door in the face

Answer 31

- comply by starting with a large request know will be rejected - then ask for more moderate request

Question 32

That’s not all

Answer 32

- ask for something big but offer a discount or bonus so the offer looks less extreme - compliance

Question 33

Lowballing

Answer 33

-get ppl to comply by having them commit to 1 action and then up cost of behavior

Question 34

Altruism

Answer 34

-helping others with no expectation of benefitting from it

Question 35

Feel good-do good

Answer 35

-if u feel good u are more likely to help others

Question 36

Factors that increase Pro-social behavior

Answer 36

- feel good do good - used to decrease feelings of guilt - innocent victim - see others helping - obvious what to do - social connection to the person in trouble

Question 37

Bystander Effect

Answer 37

- larger group makes it less likely for individuals to help | - decrease pro-social behavior

Question 38

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 38

- presence of others makes the responsibility shared | - individuals take less initiative

Question 39

Instinct approach

Answer 39

-aggression is a biological drive

Question 40

Biological influences on Aggression

Answer 40

- genetics, hormones - lack of serotonin (happiness and impulse control) - excess of testosterone

Question 41

Behavioral Influences on Aggression

Answer 41

- learn by observing others | - peers reinforce

Question 42

Social cultural influences on Aggression

Answer 42

- social stressors like poverty inc Aggression - alcohol and drugs - hot weather - group atmosphere

Question 43

Cognitive influences on Aggression

Answer 43

- frustration is a negative emotional trigger | - leads to anger and then Aggression!

Question 44

In-group Bias

Answer 44

-members of your group are better than other groups

Question 45

Our group homogeneity effect

Answer 45

- ppl in other groups are different from the group you are in - they are alike but we are unique

Question 46

Stereotypes

Answer 46

-characteristics associated with all members of a specific social group

Question 47

Prejudice

Answer 47

- an attitude - unfair, unfavorable view of a group of people - based on idea that other social groups are very different from your own

Question 48

Discrimination

Answer 48

- a behavior | - unfair act directed against a group

Question 49

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 49

- targeting anger at a group one dislikes | - ex) Holocaust

Question 50

Physical Attractiveness

Answer 50

- #1 predictor of relationships | - ppl associate good qualities with beauty

Question 51

Proximity and mere exposure effect

Answer 51

- proximity: tend to develop relationships with those who you live close to - mere exposure effect: like people we see often - #2 predictor

Question 52

Similarity

Answer 52

- like people we think are similar to ourselves | - #3 predictor

Question 53

Social exchange theory

Answer 53

-consider costs and benefits of a relationship and choose those with most rewards

Question 54

Equity Theory

Answer 54

- people are most comfortable in a balanced relationship | - each partner benefits and contributes equally

Question 55

Reciprocity

Answer 55

-like those who like us!

Question 56

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

Answer 56

-love has intimacy, passion, and commitment