test 3 Flashcards by Vivianne Woodring

year of the movable-type printing press

1440

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

date Columbus discovered the New World

October 12, 1492

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

year the Protestant Reformation began

1517

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

year the Spanish Armada was defeated

1588

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

year the first permanent French settlement was established

1608 (Quebec)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 divisions of history

Ancient
Middle Ages
Modern Age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first person to land in North America, in around AD 1000

Leif Ericson

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

union of 5 Native American tribes that united for defense in early North America

Iroquois Confederacy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tribes of the Great Plains depended greatly on _____ and ______

buffalo (bison) and maize (corn)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a way of life based on the ownership and use of land

feudalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

wars led by kings and noblemen to drive the Muslims from the Holy Land

Crusades

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a crusade to drive the Moors (Muslims from North Africa) from Southern Spain

Reconquista

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

new social class in Europe that resulted from increased trade during/after the crusades

middle class

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

four greatest nations to emerge from Western Europe

England, France, Spain, and Portugal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spirit of pride in your homeland

nationalism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

revival of learning in Europe

the Renaissance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Johann Gutenberg printed the ______ first with the movable-type printing press

Bible

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

French Protestants

Huguenots

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

reached the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa)

Bartolomeu Dias

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____ sailed around Africa to India

Vasco de Gama

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Italian who sailed on behalf of Spain

Columbus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Italian sailor credited with being the first to realize that Columbus had discovered a whole new continent

Amerigo Vespucci

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

soldiers of Spain who conquered the new land

conquistadors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first Spanish landing in America

Juan Ponce de Leon (Florida)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean

Vasco de Balboa

conquered the Aztecs and their chief Montezuma

Hernando Cortez

conquered the Incas of Peru

Francisco Pizzaro

discovered the Mississippi River

Hernando de Soto

explored the coast of California

Juan Cabrillo

first permanent European settlement

St. Augustine

first Spanish settlement

St. Augustine

founded St. Augustine

Pedro Menendez

oldest road in the US

El Camino Real

English pirates (Sir John Hawkins/Sir Francis Drake) who preyed on Spanish shipping

sea dogs

started with the purpose of stopping Protestantism and returning to Roman Catholicism

Counter-Reformation

supposed water route through North America to the Pacific

Northwest Passage

established Quebec

Samuel de Champlain

first permanent French settlement

Quebec

"Father of New France"

Samuel de Champlain

best-known city of French heritage in US

New Orleans

year John Cabot claimed Newfoundland for England

1497

year Jamestown was founded

1607

year slave trade began in British North America

1619

year the House of Burgesses was established

1619

year Plymouth colony was founded

1620

year Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded

1630

year Georgia was founded

1733

translated the Bible to English for the first time

John Wycliffe

"Morning Star of the Reformation"

John Wycliffe

first printed New Testament

William Tyndale

broke away from the Roman Catholic church and founded the Church of England

Henry VIII

a document signed by King John that established limited government in England

Magna Carta (1215)

England’s representative political body that limited the power of the king

Parliament

first modern explorer to set foot on mainland North America

John Cabot

claimed Newfoundland for England

John Cabot

first Englishman to sail around the world

Sir Francis Drake

funded a voyage to the New World in 1584; named the land Virginia in honor of Queen Elizabeth

Walter Raleigh

leader of the Roanoke colony

John White

first English child born in the New World

Virginia Dare (John White's granddaughter)

these two companies funded early settlements in Virginia

London Company and Plymouth Company

first permanent English colony in the New World

Jamestown

system where all settlers shared supplies, food, and shelter equally that was unsuccessful

common store system

man who saved Jamestown from failure

John Smith

system where individuals are free to make a living and prosper on their own initiative

private enterprise (capitalism)

introduced tobacco to the settlers with the help of the natives

John Rolfe

happening that serves as an example to be followed in the future

precedent

a representative governing body created for the Jamestown colony (this is the first representative assembly in the New World)

House of Burgesses

a form of church government that believes a body of believers should be independent and self-governing

congregationalism

the Pilgrims fled to Holland while ______ was the king of England

James I

led the Pilgrims to Holland

John Robinson

helped the Pilgrims secure a patent from the London Company

Sir Edwin Sandys

first boat hired to carry the Leyden Congregation to the New World

Speedwell (failed and they sailed on the Mayflower instead)

Pilgrims first arrived at _____

Cape Cod

first governing document in America's history

Mayflower Compact

Native American who served as a guide and interpreter for the Americans

Squanto

first governor of Plymouth

John Carver

wrote History of Plymouth Plantation

William Bradford

first American history book

History of Plymouth Plantation

commander-in-chief of the Pilgrim's militia

Miles Standish

led a group of Puritans to settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony

John Winthrop

democratic legislative body of the colonies at the beginning of settling

General Court

says that work is a gift from God and a means to glorify Him

Puritan work ethic

established Connecticut

Thomas Hooker

first written constitution in America

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

established Rhode Island

Roger Williams

book that Williams wrote about the Native American language and how to evangelize them

Key into the Language of America

first voluntary American union of the colonies with the purpose of defending each other from hostile natives

New England Confederation

established the colony of Maryland

the Calvert family

the colony intended to be a haven for English Catholics

Maryland

religious pacifists who worshipped God according to each man’s “inner light”; faced heavy persecution

Quakers

established a haven for Quakers

William Penn (Pennsylvania)

Delaware was founded by _______

William Penn

founded as a place for debt prisoners to pay off what they owed

Georgia (established by James Oglethorpe)

year Harvard College was founded

1636

year of the Ole' Deluder Satan Act

1647

largest city in the colonies

Philadelphia

"bread colonies"

middle colonies

the colonies known for indigo and rice were the _____

south

roads that connected large cities in early colonial times

post roads

manufacturing done in the home

domestic system

greatest portraitist of colonial times

John Singleton Copley

a movement which departed from traditional beliefs about God, man, and the universe

Enlightenment

best-known American scientist of the colonial era

Benjamin Franklin

invented the smallpox vaccine

Cotton Mather

America's first college

Harvard College

the ________ required towns with 50 families to have a teacher

Ole' Deluder Satan Act

most widely used textbook in colonial America

New England Primer

only college in the South

College of William and Mary

first book in English printed in the colonies

Bay Psalm Book

first regularly published newspaper

Boston News-Letter

first privately owned newspaper

New-England Courant

three types of colonies

royal, proprietary, and self-governing colonies

chief executive officers of each colony

governor

in all colonies except __1__, the legislatures were __2__ (two-house)

1. Pennsylvania 2. bicameral

years of the Great Awakening

1730s-1740s

years of the French and Indian War

1754-1763

said that descendants of church members could become full members even if they weren’t believers

Halfway Covenant

began the Methodist church

John and Charles Wesley

the revival in England was called ________

the Methodist Revival

revival in America

Great Awakening

established "Log College" for ministry training

William Tennent

preached the most famous sermon in American history

Jonathan Edwards ("Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God")

most famous preacher of the Great Awakening

George Whitefield

best-known missionary to the Native Americans

David Brainerd

first black female writer in America

Phyllis Wheatley

two names of the war with French + Indians vs. British + colonists

French and Indian War / Seven Years War

Virginia's governor who sent George Washington to the Ohio territory to force the French to leave during the French and Indian War

Governor Dinwiddie

French fort built strategically along the Ohio River (on British land); captured by the French

Fort Duquesne

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies against the French (unsuccessful)

Albany Plan

first commander of British and American troops during French and Indian War

General Braddock

Prime Minister of England who sent thousands of soldiers to end the French and Indian War

William Pitt the Elder (he sent James Wolfe)

largest French stronghold

Quebec

ended the French and Indian War

Treaty of Paris (1763)

year of the Stamp Act Congress

1765

year of the Boston Tea Party

1773

year of the First Continental Congress

1774

date of the the shot heard round the world

April 19, 1775 (Lexington and Concord)

year of the Second Continental Congress

1775

"hands-off" policy England had used with the colonies for a bit

laissez faire

says that the measure of a nation's wealth is gold and silver

mercantile theory

Native American war led by chief Pontiac against British frontier colonists

Pontiac's Conspiracy

search warrants

Writs of Assistance

Patrick Henry defended the House of Burgesses in this court case; the colonists lost

Parson's Cause

Prime Minister of England who designed a program to control the colonies

George Grenville

the colonies united behind this statement New York gave

"no taxation without representation"

political organization led by Samuel Adams that protested the new taxes

Sons of Liberty

one of Britain’s greatest statesmen and political thinkers; defendant of the colonies

Edmund Burke

said that the colonies are subordinate to Great Britain and Parliament had the power to pass laws in the colonies

Declaratory Act

_____ was appointed the Chancellor of the Exchequer

Charles Townshend

the Prime Minister of England who repealed all the Townshend Acts except the one on tea

Lord North

the event where a British ship was burned by the colonists in 1772

Gaspee Incident

group formed by Sam Adams to help inform the colonies of issues with England

Committees of Correspondence

tea company of Great Britain that was bankrupt

British East India Company

citizen disguised as Native Americans boarded British ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor

Boston Tea Party

the result of the Boston Tea Party

the "Intolerable Acts"

cancelled all western land claims by extending Quebec’s borders

Quebec Act

"give me liberty or give me death"

Patrick Henry

colonial “soldiers” who were trained to fight at a “minute’s notice”

minutemen

British general in charge of the soldiers in Boston during the War for Independence

Thomas Gage

3 men who warned the minutemen that the British were coming

Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Dr. Samuel Prescott

led the Green Mountain Boys

Ethan Allen

the Green Mountain Boys captured _____

Fort Ticonderoga

first victory for the Patriots

Fort Ticonderoga

the Second Continental Congress provided an army, chose __1__ to be president of the Congress and __2__ to lead the army

1. John Hancock 2. George Washington

date the Declaration of Independence was adopted

July 4, 1776

year of the Battle of Saratoga

1777

year of the Battle of Yorktown

1781

year of the Treaty of Paris (War for Independence)

1783

turning point of the War for Independence

Battle of Saratoga

letter the colonists sent to King George III to repair their relationship

Olive Branch Petition

German soldiers

Hessians

wrote Common Sense

Thomas Paine

______ proposed that America should be free from England

Richard Henry Lee

_____ led the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

wrote Commentaries on the Laws of England

William Blackstone

the _______ supported independence from England

Patriots (Whigs)

the ______ supported the king and his authority

Loyalists (Tories)

Polish Jew who helped finance the War for Independence

Haym Salomon

general of the British troops who went to New York with his men after fleeing Boston

General William Howe

Washington crossed this river and defeated the Hessians in Trenton on Christmas

Delaware River

3 British generals involved in the plan to divide the colonies in two parts

Generals Burgoyne, St. Leger, and Howe

colonial general who committed treason when he handed over West Point and defected to the British

Benedict Arnold

the British general Burgoyne was surrounded by _____ and forced to surrender at Saratoga

Horatio Gates

Washington's army spent a harsh winter in _____

Valley Forge

______ led the Patriots on the frontier

George Rogers Clark

Native American leader who helped the British; later became a missionary to his people

Joseph Brant

______ led the Bonhomme Richard to defeat the Serapis

John Paul Jones

"Swamp Fox"

Francis Marion

"Game Cock"

Thomas Sumpter

the ________ checked the advance of the British

Battle of King's Mountain

"Fighting Quaker"

Nathaniel Greene

a French fleet led by _______ blocked the entrance to Chesapeake Bay (War for Independence)

Comte de Grasse

Cornwallis was forced to surrender at Yorktown on __________

October 19, 1781

years of the Critical Period

1781-1789

year of the Land Ordinance

1785

year of the Northwest Ordinance

1787

year of the Constitutional Convention

1787

year the US Constitution was ratified

1788

year of the Bill of Rights

1791

charters were abandoned and replaced with ______

state constitutions

____ and ____ made minor alterations to their charters

Rhode Island and Connecticut

state who submitted their constitution to the people for ratification before adoption

Massachusetts

proposed/led the Articles of Confederation

John Dickinson

governing document for the colonies during the War for Independence

Articles of Confederation

form of government established by the Articles of Confederation

confederacy

says that central government is beneath the state governments

confederacy ("a firm league of friendship")

only branch of government in the Articles of Confederation

legislative

the ________ divided the Northwest Territory into townships (the basis for modern counties)

Land Ordinance of 1785

years under the Articles of Confederation were called ______

the Critical Period

the unpaid Patriot soldiers revolted against the government in this

Shays's Rebellion (Daniel Shays)

state representatives met to work out navigation rights between Maryland and Virginia concerning the Potomac

Mt. Vernon Conference

meeting in Maryland in 1786 to revise the Articles of Confederation (Alexander Hamilton and James Madison)

Annapolis Convention

"Father of the Constitution"

James Madison

most important delegate at the Constitutional Convention

James Madison

location of the Constitutional Convention

Independence Hall

main issue at the Constitutional Convention

representation

the Virginia Plan 1. proposed by _____ 2. ______ legislature 3. representation based on _______

1. Edmund Randolph 2. bicameral 3. population

New Jersey Plan 1. proposed by ________ 2. ______ legislature 3. representation based on ______

1. William Paterson 2. unicameral 3. equality

"the Great Compromise"

the Connecticut Compromise (Plan)

"solved" the problem of slave population and representation

Three-fifths Compromise

system of voting for the president through representatives

Electoral College

______ supported the Constitution

Federalists

_____ opposed the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

first state to ratify the Constitution

Delaware

series of essays written to simplify the Constitution for the average American citizen

Federalist Papers

says the Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land

Article VI

allows Congress to do what is “necessary and proper” for new or modern issues

elastic clause

first ten amendments to the Constitution

Bill of Rights

rule by the people; citizens vote directly on a policy

democracy

representatives chosen by the people vote

republic

America's government is _____

a Constitutional Republic

branch of government led by Congress

legislative

branch of government led by the president

executive

branch of government led by the Supreme Court

judicial

branch of government that makes laws

legislative

branch of government that enforces the laws

executive

branch of government that interprets the laws

judicial

each branch of government “checks” and watches over the other branches so that they do not abuse their power

checks and balances

the _____ led the fight for religious freedom in Massachusetts

Baptists (under Isaac Backus)

the most influential leader to Virginia Baptists

John Leland

_____ was French and came to the US to see American life; wrote Democracy in America

Alexis de Tocqueville

year of the Judiciary Act that established the Federal Court System

1789

year of the Mint Act

1792

year of the Judiciary Act with the Midnight Appointments

1801

America's capital was in ______

New York City

Washington's cabinet was:

1. Thomas Jefferson: secretary of state 2. Alexander Hamilton: secretary of the treasury 3. Henry Knox: secretary of war 4. Edmund Randolph: attorney general 5. Samuel Osgood: postmaster general

first chief justice of the Supreme Court

John Jay

the greatest controversy of Hamilton's financial program

the government assume state debts

paper money cashed in for gold and silver

bank notes

US bank

Bank of the United States

argued the Constitution should be interpreted as it was written

strict construction (Thomas Jefferson)

argued that the Constitution contains implied powers; supported the banks

loose construction (Alexander Hamilton)

taxes on imported goods; helped raise money and encourage businesses

protective tariffs

laws that would tax items made in America

excise tax

revolt started after an excise tax was applied to whiskey

Whiskey Rebellion

political party Hamilton was on

Federalists

political party that supported loose construction and strong federal government

Federalists

political party Thomas Jefferson supported

Democratic Republican

political party that supported a strict construction and stronger state governments

Democratic Republican

year the French Revolution began with the storming of the Bastille

1789

French diplomat who sought to garner support for the French Revolution

Citizen Genet

“kidnapping” and forcing Americans into the British navy

impress

chief justice who travelled to Great Britain to negotiate a treaty

John Jay

treaty that didn't meet America's standards and called for the British to abandon forts in the US, submit to arbitration, and open ports to American ships

Jay Treaty

______ was sent to negotiate a treaty with Spain

Thomas Pinckney

______ formed an official border between English territory and Spanish Florida in the New World and gave the US access to the Mississippi River

Pinckney Treaty

American troops under the leadership of General Anthony Wayne defeated the Native Americans at this battle and began to colonize the Northwest

Battle of Fallen Timbers

US general during the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Anthony Wayne

the only time in history the president and vice president were from 2 different political parties

election of 1796; John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

situation where France tried to bribe the US for peace when 3 US representatives went to negotiate

XYZ Affair

French leader who overthrew the Directory and sought to cooperate with American needs

Napoleon Bonaparte

ended the election of opposing parties

12th Amendment

creation of 16 new federal judges

Judiciary Act of 1801

year of the Louisiana Purchase

1803

years of the War of 1812

1812-1815

year of the Battle of New Orleans

1815

one of the most important periods of American politics

Jeffersonian Era

time where power transferred from the Federalists to the Republicans

Jeffersonian Era

Jefferson's secretary of state

James Madison

Swiss financier who served as Jefferson’s secretary of the treasury

Albert Gallatin

military academy in New York

West Point

chief justice of the Supreme Court who established judicial review

John Marshall

says that the Supreme Court can nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress

judicial review

2 men who purchased Louisiana for the US after going to France to negotiate for New Orleans

Robert Livingston and James Monroe

greatest real estate deal in American history

Louisiana Purchase

2 men who explored Louisiana

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Indians who helped Lewis and Clark

Mandan Indians and Sacagawea

explored the southern portion of the Louisiana Purchase

Zebulon Pike (discovered "Pike's Peak" in Colorado)

Jefferson's first vice president

Aaron Burr

lieutenant who led America's navy in the Tripolitan War

Stephen Decatur

the stopping of American ships from trading with any European nation

Embargo Act

reopened trade with Europe except England and France

Non-Intercourse Act

opened trade with all nations

Macon Bill

Shawnee chief; brother of the Prophet who would lead a union of North American tribes against America

Tecumseh

battle where Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet (Shawnee medicine man) were defeated

Battle of Tippecanoe

the US declared War on England on _______ for the War of 1812

June 18, 1812

defeated the British fleet in the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813

Oliver Hazard Perry

“We have met the enemy, and they are ours.”

Oliver Hazard Perry

brought the collapse of the Native American confederacy with the death of Tecumseh

Battle of the Thames

"Old Ironsides"

USS Constitution

wrote the "Star-Spangled Banner"

Francis Scott Key

most famous battle in the War of 1812

Horseshoe Bend

treaty that ended the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

condemned the war and threatened to break away from the Union

Hartford Convention

two states that rejected the Alien and Sedition Acts

Virginia and Kentucky

Washington defeated the Hessians on Christmas at this place

Trenton

man who captured Stony Point for the Patriots during the War for Independence

Anthony Wayne

volunteers who served as the US navy because there was no official navy during the War for Independence

privateers

taxes on imported goods

tariffs

how many delegates were at the Constitutional Convention?

55 delegates

test 3 Flashcards

(310 cards)