Test 40: Random

Question 1

Glucagon increases what? and how

Answer 1

serum glucose via increasing hepatic glucose production via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Glycogenolysis

Answer 2

breakdown of glycogen

Question 3

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 3

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Question 4

what is the predominant initial means of rapidly increasing blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia

Answer 4

glucagon-induced glycogenolysis

Question 5

Glucagon interacts with what receptors on hepatocytes

Answer 5

G protein

• increase cAMP
• protein kinase A
• glycogen phosphorylase

Question 6

how does glucagon stimulate gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

activating gluconeogenetic enzymes and decreasing intracellular fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels

Question 7

Epinephrine is more effective that glucagon in stimulating gluconeogensis in what organ

Answer 7

renal

Question 8

how does glucagon impact insulin

Answer 8

-stimulates insulin

Question 9

Direct inguinal hernias protrude through what

Answer 9

Hesselbach’s triangle

- weakness of transversals fascia

Question 10

boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle

Answer 10

1. inguinal ligament
2. epigastric vessels
3. rectus abdominus

Transversalis fascia forms floor of triangle

Question 11

What does the direct hernia go through

Answer 11

external (superficial) inguinal ring only

Question 12

what covers the direct hernia

Answer 12

only external spermatic fascia

Question 13

Who usually gets indirect inguinal hernias

Answer 13

infants, children, and young adults

Question 14

What causes indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 14

• failure of processes vaginalis to obliterate

- failure internal inguinal ring to colse

Question 15

Where is femoral hernia located

Answer 15

• below inguinal ligament

- through femoral ring (medial to femoral sheath and lateral to lacunar ligament)

Question 16

What is in the femoral sheath

Answer 16

femoral artery and vein

Question 17

who usually gets direct hernias

Answer 17

older men

Question 18

Who usually gets Sarcoidosis

Answer 18

african americans

Question 19

clinical findings for sarcoidosis

Answer 19

cough and dyspnea

Question 20

CXR of lungs show for sarcoidosis

Answer 20

• bilateral hilar adenopathy

- coarse reticular opacities

Question 21

biopsy for sarcoidosis shows

Answer 21

non-caseating granuloma

Question 22

Serum levels for sarcoidosis

Answer 22

• elevated serum calcium ( sarcoid granuloma produce 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol)
• elevated ACE

Question 23

Main immune response in sarcoidosis

Answer 23

CD4+ T cells

Question 24

patient has nocturnal back pain, spinal tenderness and enlarged prostate, what does he have

Answer 24

prostate cancer with bony metastases

Question 25

Therapy for prostate cancer

Answer 25

androgen deprivation therapy

Question 26

What is Leuprolide

Answer 26

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog

Question 27

What is the difference in continuous use and initial use of Leuprolide

Answer 27

initial: increase pituitary LH secretion continuous: surpasses LH

Question 28

equation for relative risk

Answer 28

[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)] | risk among exposed/ risk among unexposed

Question 29

How how mitochondrial disorders inherited

Answer 29

from mother

Question 30

heteroplasmy

Answer 30

- presence of both normal and mutated tDNA | - variable expression in mitochondirally inherited disease

Question 31

Name 3 mitochondrial symptoms

Answer 31

1. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy 2. Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers 3. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes ( MELAS)

Question 32

What is myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers

Answer 32

myoclonic seizures and myopathy associated with exercise

Question 33

Anticipation

Answer 33

increase in severity of genetic disorders is subsequent generation

Question 34

Variable expressivity

Answer 34

differences in severity of autosomal dominant disorders

Question 35

How does spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) course and innervate

Answer 35

- through posterior triangle of neck | - sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 36

function of trapezius

Answer 36

1. elevate scapula 2. rotate inward 3. stabilize shoulder

Question 37

What nerve must be accounted for in cervical lymph node dissection

Answer 37

spinal accessory

Question 38

symptoms of trapezius weakness

Answer 38

1. drooping of shoulder 2. impaired abduction of arm above horizontal 3. winged scapula

Question 39

nerve innervation for deltoid

Answer 39

axillary nerve (C5-6)

Question 40

weakness of deltoid presents

Answer 40

impaired abduction of arm at angles blow horizontal line

Question 41

Latissimus dorsi innervation

Answer 41

thoracodorsal nerve

Question 42

role of Latissimus dorsi

Answer 42

- adductor of arm | - assists with extension and medial rotation

Question 43

innervation of levator scapulae

Answer 43

C3 and C4 cervical nerve and dorsal scapular nerve

Question 44

role of elevator scapulae

Answer 44

elevate the scapula and raise the medial border

Question 45

innervation of rhomboid major

Answer 45

dorsal scapular nerve ( C5)

Question 46

role of rhomboid major

Answer 46

draws scapula upward and medially

Question 47

describe signet rings

Answer 47

mucin-filled cells with peripheral nuclei

Question 48

Where are signet rings usually located and why

Answer 48

stomach wall due to loss of cell adhesion protein E-cadherin

Question 49

gastric cancers involve what other organs usually

Answer 49

1. Virchow node: supraclavicular node | 2. Sister Mary Joseph Nodule: periumbilical nodes