- competitively inhibits xanthine oxidase

Test 88: All Flashcards by Bina Malapur

Venous component of internal hemorrhoids drain where

Middle and superior rectal veins
internial iliac vein
inferior mesenteric vein
portal system

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What is venous drainage for external hemorrhoid

Inferior rectal vein
internal pudendal vein
internal iliac vein
common iliac vein
IVC

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Name drugs used for bipolar? which one is also used for seizure prophylaxis

lithium
valproate ( seizure prophylaxis)
carbamazepine
lamotrigine

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Carbamazepine is first line treatment for what

trigeminal neuralgia

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what is a common side effect for Carbamazepine

Agranulocytosis

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What is a common side effect for valproate

hepatotoxicity

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What is the side effect for Lamotrigine

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

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What does Carbamazepine do to CYP450

inducer

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Ethosuximide is the anticonvulsant choice for what type of seizure

absence seizures

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Carbon tetrachloride causes what type of injury

free radical injury

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carbon tetrachloride is oxidized by what system

P450

- creates free radicals

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Furosemide is what drug

loop diuretic that works by inhibiting Na-K-2Cl simperers in loop on Henle

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Furosemide stimulates the release of what

prostaglandin ( vasodilates afferent arteriole)

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What goes wrong with concurrent use of NSAIDs and loop diuretics?

decrease diurectic response

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role of endothelin

vasoconstrictor

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Side effects of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents

thromboembolic events

- hypertension

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MOA of Allopurinol

competitively inhibits xanthine oxidase

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Allopruinol interacts with what drug and how

increases conversion of azathioprine to its active metabolic

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MOW of Ganciclovir

competitively inhibits incorporation of deoxyguanosine triphosphate into viral DNA

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MOA for trimethoprim

inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase

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Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a cofactor used for the synthesis of what

tyrosine
dopamine
serotonin

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What is the hallmark of phenylketonuria

intellectual disability

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What is elevated and depressed in phenylkeonuria

increased phenylalanemia

- decreased serotonin

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Treatment for phenylketonuria

low phenylalanine diet

- BH4 supplementation

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Female patient comes in with abdominal pain, bloody vaginal discharge, orthostatic hypotension and a positive pregnancy test is highly concerning for

ectopic pregnancy

Why must the patient wait at least 2 weeks after discontinuing an MAO inhibitor before taking SSRI?

must allow enough time for MAO regeneration

MOA for Phenelzine

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Name the Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

MAO Takes Pride In Shanghai - Tranylcypromine - Phenelzine - Isocarboxazid - Selegiline

Why is co-administration of an SSRI and an MAO inhibitor contraindicated

risk of serotonin syndrome

MOA for caspofungin

glucan component of the fungal cell wall

MOW for cyclosporine

immunosuppressant | - decrease synthesis of IL-2

MOA for Fucytosine

nucleotide analog that competitively inhibits RNA synthesis in fungal cells

Propanolol can treat what endocrine problem

- decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

MOA for propylthiouracil and methimazole

inhibit thyroid peroxidase | - decrease thyroid hormone

What is the dose-limiting side effect of Vincristine therapy

neurotoxicity

Common side effect for cyclophosphamide

hemorrhagic cystitis

common side effect for doxorubicin

congestive heart failure

common side effect for bleomycin

- pulmonary fibrosis | - flagellate skin discoloration

Common adverse effect of highly-active antiretroviral therapy

lipoatrophy/lipodystrophy

How is fat redistributed in viral drugs

- lipoatrophy: loss of subcutaneous fat, from face, extremities and buttocks - central fat deposition on abdomen

What hormone increases the most after ovulation

Progresterone

Digoxin toxicity

- cardiac arrhythmias - nonspecific GI - neurological ( confusion/weakness) - visual symptoms

What serum level is a sign of digoxin toxicity

elevated potassium

mechanism behind the ACE inhibitor induced cough

- accumulation of bradykinin, substance P or prostaglandins

Do angiotensin receptor blockers have a side effect of cough

Role of ACE

degrades bradykinin

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) do not require what

do not require activation via intracellular phosphorylation

Name the NNRTI's

Delavirdine Efavirenz ( common) Nevirapine ( common)

Common side effects for NNRTI

rash and hepatoxicity

Zidovudine and emtricitabine are what type of drugs

NRTI

MOA for Enfuvirtide

bind to HIV envelope gp41 and blocks fusion

MOA for Ritonavir

inhibitor of HIV protease that prevents assembly and maturation of the virus

Why should non-selective beta blockers should be given with cation to a diabetic mellitus patient

- drug exacerbates hypoglycemia | - masks its adrenergic symptoms mediated by norepinephrine and epinephrine

What is the sickle cell mutation

DNA point mutation of glutamic acid to valine at positive 6

Theophylline MOA

- adenosine receptor antagonist - indirect adrenergic agnet - phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Theophylline is metabolized by what

cytochrome P450

Amoxicillin and cephalexin MOA

beta-lactams that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

NItrofurantion MAO

inactivates or alters bacterial ribosomal proteins

What is the drug interaction between Ciprofloxacin and theophylline

theophylline metabolized by CYP450, however Cipro increases [theophylline]

how does spinal stenosis present

- posture-dependent lower extremity pain, numbness/paresthesia and weakness

Most common causes of spinal stenosis

1. intervertebral disk herniation 2. ligamentum flavum hypertrophy 3. osteophyte formation

Aldosterone excess causes what

- hypertension - hypokalemia - metabolic alkalosis - depressed renin

Conn syndrome

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Treatment for Conn's syndrome

Spironolactone/Eplerenone

Cribiform plate

CN I olfactory bundles

Optic canal

CN II ophthalmic artery central retinal vein n

superior orbital fissure

CN III, IV, V1, VI ophthalmic vein sympathetic fibers

Foramen rotundum

CN V2 maxillary

Foramen ovale

CN V3 mandibular

Foramen spinosum

Middle meningeal artery and vein

Internal acoustic meatus

CN VII, VIII

Jugular foramen

CN IX, X, XI | Jugular vein

hypoglassal canal

CN XII

Foramen magnum

Spinal roots of CN XI brain stem vertebral arteries

What muscle opens the jaw

lateral pterygoid

Third ( mandibular) branch of trigeminal nerve innervates what

- muscles of mastication ( masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids, and temporals muscles)

How is PAH excreted from blood to tubules

via carrier protein-mediated process

Characterize giant cell arteritis

granulomatous inflammation of the media | - medium and small branches of carotid artery ( temporal artery)

treatment for giant cell

glucocorticoid therapy `

Elderly women with beaches, muscular pain, and a rapid response to glucocorticoid therapy

giant cell arteritis

What is tranmural inflammation of the arterial wall with fibrinoid necrosis

polyartertis nodosa

What anti-inflammatory agent does not impair platelet aggregation

Celecoxib

MOA for Celecoxib

reversibly inhibits cox-2

How is glucose moved across cell membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Where is GLUT 4 found

skeletal muscle and adipocytes

Role of GLUT 2

export of glucose from liver, small intestines, and kidneys into circulation

What enzyme inactivates 6-mercaptopurine

xanthine oxidase

6-MP requires activation by what

HGPRT | hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

Incidence of cancer in women, top 3

1. breast, lung, colon

extra renal manifestations of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney isease

- liver cyst | - intracranial aneurysm

Statins are metabolized by what? exception

P-450 3A4 | - pravastatin

Erythromycin and P450

inhibits P450

The presence of erythroid precursor cells in the liver and spleen indicative of what

extramedullary hematopoiesis

Extramedullary hematopoiesis is most frequently cause by severe

severe chronic hemolytic anemias

Niemann-Pick is deficiency in what

Sphingomyelinase

What accumulates in Niemann pcik

Sphingomyelin accumulaiton

Clinical findings for Niemann pick

- hepatosplenomegaly - neurologic regression - "cherry-red" on macula

Patient with alcohol use, epigastric pain , and steatorrhea likely has

chronic pancreatitis

Candida is normally located where

GI tract (oral cavity)

How does cleaning something with alcohol disinfect it

disorganizing lipid structure in membranes, causing them to be leaky, and by denaturing cellular proteins

Main mechanism of excess copper removal in healthy human body is

hepatic excretion into bile

How do you reduce the risk of wrong-site surgery

"dual identifies" | - nurse and physician independently confirm

Test 88: All Flashcards

(102 cards)