UA Lec

Question 1

What are the three processes of urine formation?

Answer 1

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Question 2

What part of the nephron performs filtration?

Answer 2

Glomerulus.

Question 3

What hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct?

Answer 3

ADH (vasopressin).

Question 4

What hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule?

Answer 4

Aldosterone.

Question 5

Normal adult urine output per day?

Answer 5

600–2000 mL.

Question 6

Define oliguria.

Answer 6

abnormally low urine output
<400 mL/day.

Question 7

Define anuria.

Answer 7

near-total absence of urine production
<100 mL/day.

Question 8

Minimum volume for sediment exam?

Answer 8

12 mL.

Question 9

Urine should be tested within how many hours?

Answer 9

2 hours

Question 10

What happens if urine sits too long?

Answer 10

↑ bacteria, ↓ glucose, ↓ ketones, ↓ bilirubin.

Question 11

Why refrigerate urine?

Answer 11

Slow bacterial growth.

Question 12

Normal urine color?

Answer 12

Straw to amber.

Question 13

Red urine may indicate?

Answer 13

RBCs, hemoglobin, or myoglobin.

Question 14

Fruity odor suggests?

Answer 14

Ketones (DKA).

Question 15

Turbidity is commonly caused by? (4)

Answer 15

RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, crystals.

Question 16

Protein on dipstick primarily detects?

Answer 16

albumin

Question 17

Most sensitive ketone detected on strip?

Answer 17

Acetoacetic acid.

Question 18

Blood pad detects what enzyme activity?

Answer 18

Pseudoperoxidase activity of heme.

Question 19

Only what type of bilirubin appears in urine?

Answer 19

Conjugated bilirubin.

Question 20

Nitrite positivity suggests?

Answer 20

GN bacteria

Question 21

Leukocyte esterase indicates presence of?

Answer 21

Neutrophils.

Question 22

Specific gravity measures what?

Answer 22

urine conc

Question 23

enzyme converting heme → biliverdin?

Answer 23

Heme oxygenase.

Question 24

Enzyme converting biliverdin → bilirubin?

Answer 24

Biliverdin reductase.

Question 25

Enzyme conjugating bilirubin in liver?

Answer 25

UDP-glucuronyl transferase.

Question 26

Urobilin gives urine what color?

Answer 26

yellow

Question 27

WBC casts indicate?

Answer 27

Renal infection (pyelonephritis).

Question 28

Hyaline casts are made of what?

Answer 28

Tamm-Horsfall protein.

Question 29

Oval fat bodies suggest?

Answer 29

Nephrotic syndrome.

Question 30

Maltese cross under polarized light indicates?

Answer 30

Lipid.

Question 31

Parasite commonly seen in urine?

Answer 31

Trichomonas vaginalis.

Question 32

Triple phosphate crystal shape?

Answer 32

Coffin lid.

Question 33

Uric acid crystal shape?

Answer 33

Rhomboid/diamond.

Question 34

Cystine crystals suggest?

Answer 34

Genetic cystinuria.

Question 35

SSA detects what that dipstick may miss?

Answer 35

Bence-Jones proteins.

Question 36

Bence-Jones proteins are associated with?

Answer 36

Multiple myeloma.

Question 37

Nitrite positive + LE positive suggests?

Answer 37

Bacterial UTI.

Question 38

What cast distinguishes upper from lower UTI?

Answer 38

WBC cast.

Question 39

Massive protein + lipiduria indicates?

Answer 39

Nephrotic syndrome.

Question 40

Fixed specific gravity around 1.010 indicates?

Answer 40

Chronic renal failure (isosthenuria).

Question 41

Ph? Uric acid

Answer 41

Acidic

Question 42

Ph? Amorphous urates

Answer 42

Acidic

Question 43

Ph? Calcium oxalate

Answer 43

Acidic

Question 44

Ph? Amorphous phosphates

Answer 44

Alkaline

Question 45

Ph? Calcium phosphate

Answer 45

Alkaline

Question 46

Ph? Triple phosphate

Answer 46

Alkaline

Question 47

Ph? Ammonium biurate

Answer 47

Alkaline

Question 48

Ph? Calcium carbonate

Answer 48

Alkaline

Question 49

Ph? Cystine crystal

Answer 49

Acidic

Question 50

Ph? Cholesterol crystal

Answer 50

Acidic

Question 51

Ph? Leucine crystal

Answer 51

Acidic

Question 52

Ph? Tyrosine crystal

Answer 52

Acidic

Question 53

Ph? Bilirubin crystal

Answer 53

Acidic

Question 54

Ph? Sulfonamides

Answer 54

Acid

Question 55

Ph? Radiographic dye crystals

Answer 55

Acid

Question 56

Ph? Ampillin crystals

Answer 56

Acidic

Question 57

what disorder is associated with cholesterol crystals

Answer 57

nephrotic syndrome

Question 58

what disorder is associated with leucine crystals

Answer 58

liver disease

Question 59

what disorder is associated with tyrosine crystals

Answer 59

liver disease

Question 60

what disorder is associated with bilirubin crystals

Answer 60

liver disease

Question 61

what disorder is associated with sulfonamides crystals

Answer 61

infection treatment

Question 62

what disorder is associated with radiographic dye crystals

Answer 62

radiographic procedure

Question 63

what disorder is associated with ampicillin crystals

Answer 63

infection treatment

Question 64

what two crystals can you heat to dissolve

Answer 64

amorphous urates and amorphous phosphates

Question 65

how do you dissolve cystine crystals

Answer 65

HCl

Question 66

what stain is used for oval fat bodies

Answer 66

Sudan III or Oil Red O

Question 67

what is the purpose of boric acid

Answer 67

prevents bacterial growth and metabolism

Question 68

what is the purpose of formalin

Answer 68

excellent sediment preservative

Question 69

what is the purpose of sodium fluoride

Answer 69

good preservative for drug analysis

Question 70

what should you use if urine can not be refrigerated

Answer 70

commercial preservative tablets

Question 71

how long is a light gray tube good for

Answer 71

48 hrs at RT

Question 72

how long is a cherry top tube good for

Answer 72

72 hrs at RT

Question 73

what type of microscopy is used for routine analysis

Answer 73

bright field

Question 74

what type of microscopy is used for cast and Trichomonas

Answer 74

phase contrast

Question 75

what type of microscopy is used for oval fat bodies, waxy cast, and crystals

Answer 75

polarized

Question 76

what type of microscopy is used for fluorescent microorganisms

Answer 76

florescent

Question 77

what type of microscopy is used for 3D microscopy image

Answer 77

interference contrast

Question 78

what sediment stain is used for WBCs, epi, and cast

Answer 78

sternhiemer malbin

Question 79

what sediment stain is used for Differentiates WBCs from renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells

Answer 79

Toluidine Blue

Question 80

what sediment stain is used for Distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeast, oil droplets, and crystals

Answer 80

2% Acetic Acid

Question 81

what sediment stain is used for Identifies free fat droplets and lipid-containing cells/casts

Answer 81

Lipid Stains (Oil Red O, Sudan III)

Question 82

what sediment stain is used for Identifies bacterial casts

Answer 82

gram stain

Question 83

what sediment stain is used for identifies urinary eosinophils

Answer 83

Hansel Stain

Question 84

what sediment stain is used for identifies hemosiderin (yellow-brown granules) in cells & casts

Answer 84

Prussian Blue Stain