1
Q
Why have developmental theories?
A
- provide framework for understanding phenomena
- raise crucial questions about human nature
- lead to a better understanding of children
2
Q
If a kid under 8 months old is grabbing your glasses - according to Piaget what could you do to make them stop?
A
-put them behind your back
3
Q
What is object permanence?
!
A
-mentally represent objects
if an object is covered a baby does not realize it exists
4
Q
Do babies at 7 months old lack the motivation or reaching skills to retrieve a hidden objects?
A
-no -Yuko Munakata - placed object under transparent cover - babies reached for the toy = motivation & reaching skills
5
Q
Do babies from 6-8 months old lack the memory to grab a hidden object? Adele Diamond
*
A
- as they get older remember for longer seconds - however it does show at 5 seconds (for 8 months old) they seem to forget -&6months old when allowed to reach immediately were successful, 7 months at 2 seconds
- so proves could eb memory or that they do not know it exists?
6
Q
What are the possible reasons why object permanence happens? Are they correct?
A
- lack in motivation
- lack in memory skills
- lack in reaching abilities
- simply don’t get that it continues to exist
-proof for memory and existence
b/c they do have reaching skills and motivation
7
Q
What did Piaget do?
A
-started field of cognitive development
8
Q
What did Piaget believe children were? Passive? When do they start?
A
- no
- active
- little scientists – meaning they test things out, discover and experiment in the world to teach themselves and push their development forward - intrinsically motivated to learn, don’t need rewards
- mentally active from birth
9
Q
What does constructivist mean to Piaget?
!
A
- children construct knowledge for themselves in response to experience
- generating hypotheses, performing experiments, and drawing conclusions
10
Q
What is assimilation?
!
A
the process by which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand
11
Q
What is accommodation?
!
A
the process by which people adapts current knowledge structures in response to new experiences
12
Q
What is equilibration?
!
A
the process by which children (or other ppl) balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understand
-3 phases -equilibrium (don’t need to change) -disequilibrium (new info shows understanding is inadequate, confused) -more advanced equilibrium (updated, better understanding)
13
Q
What is continuity?
A
- assimilation
- accommodation
- equilibration
14
Q
What are the qualities of discontinuity?
A
- intellectual leaps
- qualitative change
- broad applicability
- brief transition periods
- invariant sequence - everyone progresses through the stages the same
15
Q
To a 5yr old who is naughtier? someone who broke a cookie jar by accident or someone who stole a cookie? at 8?
A
- someone who broke the jar by accident
- morality as consequence of behaviour at 8 years old the opposite, about intent
16
Q
Sensorimotor stage?
!
A
-birth - 2 years
-perceive & explore
-fundamental concepts - space, time, & causality - here & now - intelligence bound by immediate perceptions & actions
-at end can form mental representations & repeat other’s behaviours
-own body –> world around them
-accomplishments –> adapting to enviro & object permanence
gaps = representing the world mentally (vs. sensory)
17
Q
Preoperational stage?
!
A
2-7 years
- represent experiences in language & mental imagery (symbolic representation @ 2) - remember experiences for longer
- sophisticated concepts -but can’t perform certain mental operations (ex. centration, until 7)
- egocentrism earlier on until 5
- centration until 7 -conservation is understood 5-8, but 4-5 year olds fail
- wins = symbolic representation, & thinking about objects not present
- gaps = logical rules, reversibility, conservation, centration, egocentrism, classification
18
Q
Concrete Operational?
!
A
7-12 years old
- can reason logically about concrete objects and events - cannot think abstractly or generate systematic scientific experiments to test their beliefs
- wins = mental logic, reversibility, conservation, egocentrism, classification
- gaps = lack reasoning about abstract concepts
19
Q
Formal Operational?
!
A
- 12+
- think abstractly nd hypotheticals -can perform systematic scientific experiments and draw appropriate conclusions from them -even if they’re different from what they believed before
- wins = can reason about abstract , can do hypotheticals, can test hypotheses logically & with a system
20
Q
What age is the boy if he can’t take another’s perspective in the three mountains task?
A
- 2-4?
- 4 year olds can’t do it
- 3-5 when egocdntrism -piaget thought until 7
21
Q
How old is the boy if he thinks the row of 5 coins spaced is more than the other 5 coins?
A
- 4-5??
- 2-7
22
Q
How old is the boy if he fails the volume centration task?
A
-5-6??
23
Q
What age if you just started to solve the balance-scale problem?
A
-7/8
24
Q
Is the formal operational stage universal?
A
-no not everybody reaches it
25
In what ways to children learn best according to Piaget?
-by interacting with the environment, mentally & physically
26
What are the weaknesses of Piaget?
| !
- underestimated cognitive competence
- object permanence timeframe
- understates social world to cognitive development (focusses only on active)
- stage model - it's more variable than that
- doesn't describe 'how'
- accurate descriptions of behaviour may not be accurate to their understanding
27
When does object permanence start? Piaget and actually
- piaget thought 8 months
| - actually 3 months (looking time)
28
How old is the boy who sees a ball of clay change shape and thinks it has more or less than before? (conservation of solid quantity?)
-6-7??
29
What are sociocultural theories?
- interpersonal context - cognitive development takes place through interactions between children & other ppl
- acquire what is valued by their culture
- guided participation
30
Overlap so far - Piaget & his stages - Vygotsky & sociocultural theories
blah
31
What is guided participation?
more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable individuals to perform the activity at a higher level than they could on their own
-any shared activity
32
What is social scaffolding?
| !
- type of guided participation
- process through which those w/ expertise organize the physical & social environment to help children learn
- temporary framework -task above their level but not too above
- cultural tools like symbols & values etc.
- adjust level of support to fit learner
- breaking something down into smaller parts
- more cognitive
33
What did Vygotsky think?
- children as social learners intertwined w/ ppl who help them
- specific to time & places (unlike piaget who said stages universal)
- they change gradually -continuous
- w/in broader social environment
- focused on language & thought (together)
34
What did Vygotsky think of language?
- intertwined w/ thought
- thought is internalized speech that others make to children
- then controlled by own private speech outloud -then controlled by internalized private speech (thought) -underground
- private speech at ages 4-6
35
When is private speech most evident?
4-6
36
What age do humans want to start and teach?
1 years old
| -can direct someones gaze to something
37
What is intersubjectivity w/ language? When does it start? What is needed?
mutual understanding that ppl share during communication -effective communication – have to focus on same topic & on each other’s reaction to the information being communicated
- evidence of intersubjectivity at infancy -age 6months
* Joint attention! is needed
38
Two groups of kids are discussing a new imaginary game in the playground. One group the two kdis are arguing. The other group has agreed on a set of rules. How old is the last group?
- preschool to elementary school age
| - (or whoever's the oldest)
39
What is Vygostsky's ideal method for kids to learn?
- jigsaw puzzle
- divide into small groups & focus on a specific topic – at the end new groups are formed and the kids teach the others in the group on what they researched
- had cognitive and motivation benefits -& problem solving -& mutual respect and responsibility
40
Discontinuous or Continuous
| -Vygotsky & piaget?
- piaget = stage/discontinuity
| - Vygotsky = continuous, growth
41
What is cognitive development?
- how we learn, solve problems, understand and use language, explain ourselves, form beliefs
- how cognition changes through development
42
Who is Jean Piaget?
| ! = in both readings and slides
- first guy thinking about cognitive development
- 1896-1980
- naturalistic observation w/ his kids
- constructivist
- child as scientist
- active
43
What are schemas?
- understanding is organized
- ex. our organized understanding/thinking of what constitutes a pet
- ex. Remy w/ Koala's
44
What happened with Remy & Mickey Mouse?
- tried to assimilate mickey mouse into her schema of koala's
- disequilibrium when parents told her no
- then accommodated it as something different than koala
- equilibrium
45
What are piaget's stages?
- fundamental stages - during you think qualitatively different about the world at different stages
- sensorimotor satge -0-2 years
- preoperational stage 2-7years
- concrete operations-7-12
- formal operations stage 12+
- all universal - can't skip a step -gradual, qualitative shift
46
What is conservation?
understanding that physical properties do not change despite changes in form or appearance
47
What is centration? Examples?
- part of conservation
- focus on one aspect
- ex. the thinner glass, spaced out pennies, or sharing of the graham crackers
48
What is reversibility?
-some things that change can be returned to it's original form
49
Who can't understand reversibility?
- kids in preoperational stage
| - 2-7 years
50
What is egocentrism?
inability to see others viewpoints - focus on their own perspective - fail to see the perspectives of others - hard to accommodate to the views of others
51
What is classification?
have a hard time understanding how things are classified - according to logic - example - flowers is a broader category than yellow flowers
-wouldn't be able to classify them in that logical way??
52
At what stage do they understand reversibility, egocentrism, classification, conservation?
Concrete operational stage
53
A kid can talk to me about going to the doctor but when I asked him about health care he couldn't explain it. What Piaget stage is he in?
Concrete operational
54
If I told a kid that hypothetically he could break a glass with a feather & when asked what would happen w/ the glass if I hit it with a feather, he said 'nothing' but the next year he said 'it would break' what were his ages?
11
| then 12
55
What culture is better at conservation of mass tasks than others? Why?
Mayan
| -understand pottery/clay
56
At what age do kids grow out of egocentrism? Piaget & actual
Piaget - said 7
| -seems sooner @ 3-5 - simplified tests, pointing etc.
57
Who was Lev Vygotsky?
- 1896-1934
- russian - cut off from West -didn't know Piaget
- he said quantitative experience - gaining more over time
- children as social learners from capable members of culture
58
When and where does learning through social collaboration take place?
-Zone of Proximal Development
59
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
- range of tasks too difficult to do on your own, but which are possible with the help of a skilled other - tasks are too out of reach
- with help, range of tasks grow
- during social interactions -culture - shared goals
60
Are all scaffolding techniques the same?
No they vary across cultures
| -ex. USA & Turkey more verbal -Gestures -Turkey & Guatemala -& touches/gazes -Guatemala & India
61
What did Vygotsky say was the most important tool for cognitive development?
- language
- gives learners access to others' knowledge
- private speech & self-directed language help them to learn
62
What was Vygotsky's legacy?
| !
- emphasis on culture
- role of teaching
- impact on educational setting (lots of scaffolding, structure, breaking projects down)
63
What were the criticisms of Vygotsky?
- overemphasized language - (scaffolding is different in diff cultures)
- undervalues role of biology
- vague on mechanisms of cognitive change - how
64
Do Piaget & Vygotsky believe in nature & nurture?
- I think they both believe in both
| - but they both focus on nurture & don't talk about nature too much
65
Piaget inspired school?
- teachers have hands off approach
- different stations - (for diff stages)
- kids explore
- pretend play - sensory objects
- lots of freedom & choices
- doesn't try to impose new skills before kids are ready
66
Vygotsky inspired school?
- teachers aid the students
- break down projects
- teacher assistants, parent volunteers, peer mentors etc.
- jigsaw method - kids teach each other
- assisted discovery --> help learning
- reciprocal teaching --> teach each other (take turns teaching)
- cooperative learning (peers collaborate to common goal) (also jigsaw)
67
Similarities between Piaget & Vygotsky?
- both focus on child & gives them credit
| - children as active learners
68
Differences btw Piaget & Vygotsky?
- Piagte - learning through self disovery
- Vygotsky - through social collaboration
- piaget - discontinuous
- Vygotsky - continuous
- P - universal processes of development -Vy - development as culturally situated
- Vy - language as key to learning -P language and thoughts as unrelated
