1
Q
How does Freud relate to nature?
A
-behaviour motivated by need to drive basic drives - biological maturation
2
Q
How does Erikson relate to nature?
A
-development is drive by series of developmental crises related to age & biological maturation
3
Q
Are freud & erikson stage theorists?
A
-yes but individual differences are continuous (ex. childhood experiences perpetuate)
4
Q
Oral stage?
A
- 1st stage
- born w/ id
- sucking & eating -mother love object
- ego arises at 1yr
5
Q
Anal stage?
A
- 2nd stage (age 2-3)
- control over bodily processes -defecation -toilet training conflict
6
Q
Phallic stage?
A
- 3rd stage (age 3-6)
- sexual pleasure of egenitalia -identify w/ same-sex parent
- sexual desires lead to superego
- resolution of oedipus complex
7
Q
latency period?
A
- 4th (age 6-12)
- relative calm -sexual desires in unconscious
- socially acceptable activities
8
Q
Genital stage?
A
- sexual maturation -directed towards peers -intercourse is major goal
- ideally strong ego & moderate superego
9
Q
What is the id? What stage does it start?
A
- powerful urges
- sexual & aggressive desires (devil on shoulder)
- totally unconscious
- ruled by pleasure principle -maximum gratification -selfish, impulsive -no consequences
- 1st -oral
10
Q
What is the ego? What stage does it start?
A
- aligned w/ reality - consciousness -morality
- reason & good sense - never fully in control -rational, logical, problem-solving
- balances id & superego
- 1st - oral
11
Q
What is the superego? What stage does it start?
A
- what society tells you is okay -unconscious
- conscience -(angel)
- internalization of parents’ standard for acceptable behaviour -avoid guilt -internalized moral standards
- 3rd - phallic
12
Q
What is the trust vs. mistrust stage?
A
- 1st yr - trust/reassured by being close to other ppl
- consistent -reliable
- if no one caring- lead to mistrust
13
Q
What is the autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage?
A
- 1 -3 1/2 yrs old
- how can I control my own behaviours
- social demands
- toilet training
- motor skills, cognitive abilities, language
- choose for yourself
14
Q
What is the initiative vs. guilt stage?
A
- age 4-6
- identify w/ & learn from parents -but be independent of them -ex. dress myself
- conscience
- setting goals
15
Q
What is the industry vs. inferiority stage?
A
age 6 - puberty
- ego development
- cognitive & social skills important to culture -cooperate -competence (otherwise feel inferior)
16
Q
What is the identity vs. role confusion stage?
A
- adolescence
- identity
- physical changes, social pressures, future -what is my role -figure out who they are or live in confusion
17
Q
What is intimacy vs. isolation stage?
A
-can I give myself fully to another -learn to be intimate
18
Q
What is generativity vs. stagnation stage?
A
-what can I offer generations to follow -otherwise feel like no growth
19
Q
Are learning theories continuous or discontinuous?
A
continuous
- same principle of learning across ages
- all happening in diff times through developments
20
Q
Are psychoanalytic theories inner or environment?
A
- inner experience interact w/ enviro
- bidirectional
21
Q
Is freud focussed on inner or enviro?
A
inner then how this affects how we interpret & interact w/ enviro
22
Q
Summarize freud as a person
A
- made first theory w/in social development
- saw some illnesses not a physical issue -
23
Q
Is freud focussed on inner or enviro?
A
inner then how this affects how we interpret & interact w/ enviro
-internal
24
Q
Summarize freud as a person
A
- 1856-1939
- made first theory w/in social development
- saw some illnesses not a physical issue - believed how we handle or don’t handle conflicts have lasting effects
- biological urges in conflict w/ society
- discontinuous (but individual differences are continuous)
25
What is freud's faults
- not supported w/ research/can't measure - not scientific
- grew up in sexually repressed time period -biased
- far fetched/ he had a lot of cocaine
26
What is freud's legacy? faults
- not supported w/ research/can't measure - not scientific
- overemphasis on sexuality grew up in sexually repressed time period -biased
- far fetched/ he had a lot of cocaine
27
What is freud's legacy? pros
- starts social development
- role of early experience
- importance of parent-child relationships
- unconscious motivations
- led to other theories
- clinical applications -parenting
28
Summarize erikson as a person
- 1902-1994
- confusing identity as kid -parents divorced/culture
- focused on ego (does more than balance id & superego)
- environmental & social factors interact w/ ego
- development throughout lifetime (identity in adolescence)
29
Summarize erikson as a person
- 1902-1994
- confusing identity as kid -parents divorced/culture
- focused on ego - reality/society
- goes beyond childhood
30
What is integrity vs. despair stage?
-have I found contentment & satisfaction - do I have integrity
31
What happens if you don't resolve erikson's conflicts?
-imprint on you and stay w/ you throughout development
32
What is erikson's legacy? pros
- role of identity development (in adolescence)
- lifespan development (doesn't stop at adolescence)
- (clinical applications)
33
What are examples of psychoanalytic theories?
- Freud
| - Erikson
34
What are examples of learning theories?
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- observational learning
- social learning theory
- social cognitive theory
35
Are learning theories enviro or inner?
- external
- how enviro shapes the inner/child
- one direction -enviro to child
36
What is operant conditioning?
- a behaviour is increased or decreased b/c of consequences -reinforcement increases behaviour
- punishment decreases behaviour
- positive means adding stimulus
- negative means removing stimulus
37
What is positive reinforcement? Ex?
- behaviour increases because stimulus is added
| - example: gives a sticker every time you poop on the toilet
38
What is negative reinforcement? Ex?
- behaviour increases every time a stimulus is avoided
| - example: every time you poop on the toilet, broccoli is taken off your dinner plate
39
What is positive punishment? Ex?
- behaviour is decreased by adding a stimulus
| - ex. every time you scream, I show you a spider
40
What is negative punishment? ex?
- behaviour is decreased by removing a stimulus
| - ex. every time you scream I remove your IPad
41
What is a study about observational learning?
- bobo doll
- video
- mimicking behaviour -adding novel aggressive ways
42
What is the legacy of learning theories?
- behaviour modification w/ children
| - (ex. gold stars in classrooms)
43
Are ecological theories about inner or enviro?
- broad enviro -shapes social development -but the child plays a role in shaping as well
- bidirectional
44
What is the ecological perspective?
-taking into account context -ex. sand, dirt, amount of water, if in the lab, etc.
45
What is bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
- development occuring w/in complex system of relationships
- levels of context
- child, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
- all interrelated
46
What is the child in bioecological model?
- biological predispositions
- active
- choices, preferences, etc.
47
What is the microsystem?
immediate environment
| (mom, dad, daycare) -direct contact
48
What is the mesosystem?
-the connections btw microsystems (how mom & dad are connected, how they're connected to the daycare, etc.)
49
What is the exosystem?
indirect environment
- no immeidate contact
- ex. mom's workplace, media, etc.
50
What is the macrosystem?
- cultural values, laws, customs, resources
| - ex. wars, p/maternity leave
51
What is the chronosystem?
time period
| -age of child
52
Where would the corona virus fall within the bioecological model?
- chronosystem - time period
- macro - laws/mandates
- exosystem - schoolwide policies, maybe mom's office changes, works from home instead
- mesosystem - maybe parents are more involved w/ daycare b/c worried about spread
- microsystem - wears mask in daycare, mom working at home, mom or dad gets sick etc.
- child - maybe is immuno compromised etc.
53
Where is violence shown on tv in bioecological model? Then if punches little brother? Then mom & dad start yelling b/c they don't know how to handle it? Then make a complaint and the show is banned by law? What if built in with aggression? What if a war is going on which impacts aggressive tendency?
- exosystem
- microsystem
- mesosystem
- macrosystem
- the child
- chronosystem
54
What was bronfenbrenner's legacy?
- broad role of context
| - influence on policy
55
Where would extended fam be on bioeco model? Neighbours? neighbourhood park?
seems exosystem/(maybe mesosystem too)
- exosystem
- microsystem
56
Marie always wipe her feet on the mat, then prays before entering a house. Where would this be on bioeco model?
-macrosystem - culture etc.
57
Bob legally has to wear a mask before entering a store/restaurant. Where would this be on the bioeco model?
- chronosystem - covid
| - macrosystem - current laws/mandates
58
erikson's legacy? faults
-many ideas difficult to test
-difficult to falsify
^like freud
59
Learning theories - pros?
-behaviour can be modified through associations/consequences
60
learning theories - criticisms?
- oversimplification of mental processes
| - less useful for explaining broader patterns
61
learning theories - application?
- parenting
- schooling
- media
- therapy
62
bronfenbrenner's bioeco model - legacy?
broad role of context - beyond immediate enviro
63
bronfenbrenner's bioecological model - criticisms?
- less focused on biological influences
- some aspects difficult to test
- overlooks ability to transform our enviros & ourselves
64
bronfenbrenner's bioeco model - application?
-policy?
65
What do learning theories focus on?
- role of external influences
- importance of immediate enviro
- same principles of learning across ages
66
Who are three learning theorists?
```
John Watson (behaviourism, classical) & BF Skinner (operant conditioning)
Bandura (observation, SCT, SLT)
```
67
What would a time out be classified under in operant conditioning?
positive punishment
68
Who is little albert? What kind of theory? What's another example?
- little albert -neutral stimulus was paired w/ negative stimulus until the neutral stimulus cause reaction of fear -ie white rat (neutral) was paired w/ loud noise -then albert was afraid of white rats &other white animals
- classical conditioning
- lactating @ playstation sound
