1
Q
What purposes does family serve?
A
- reproduction (build society, continue pop)
- promoting survival (care for others, keep young alive)
- support (emotional, financial)
- socialization
-crucial, essential aspect of child development
2
Q
What is socialization?
A
- the process through which children acquire values, standards, knowledge, and behaviours seen as appropriate for their role in their culture
- are socialized a lot in fams
3
Q
Describe the family systems approach
A
- parent relations, sibling relations, parent 1 relations w/ child, parent 2 relations w/ child
- all interact & influence each other - hard to disentangle
- bidirectional
- diff fams can look diff (ex. only 1 parent)
4
Q
What are some examples of how parenting can impact development long term?
A
- involvement of fathers @ age 7 & 11 predicts grades at 16, criminal records at 21
- mother & teen relationship predicts adjustment @ age 25
- mother & teen closeness at age 16 predicts marital satisfaction at age 32
- can be causal -benefits: reduce behavioural problems & delinquency
5
Q
Is parenting important?
A
- YES -parents matter
- can impact development long term
- can be causal
- but not the only influence (genetic disposition, peers, school, media, etc.)
6
Q
What are the categories that can define parenting styles?
A
- warmth/support/acceptance/responsiveness
2. control/demandingness
7
Q
How do parents control? 2 types
A
behavioural control - control actions through rules, regulations (ex. curfew, dinner table etiquette)
- psychological control - managing emotions (ex. shame, guilt)
- *can use both
8
Q
What are the 4 parenting styles?
A
- permissive
- uninvolved
- authoritative
- authoritarian
- ^ not fixed - can change over time
- kids can trigger certain styles
9
Q
What is the permissive parent?
A
- supportive & warm
- no rules/low control
- indulgent
10
Q
What is the uninvolved parent?
A
- low support & warmth
- low control
- neglectful
11
Q
What is the authoritative parent?
A
- supportive & warm
- rules & regulations - control
12
Q
What is the authoritarian parent?
A
- low support/warmth
- rules/control
13
Q
Which is the “optimal” parenting style?
A
Authoritative
14
Q
Who typically parents authoritarian?
A
-non-white
15
Q
Who typically parents authoritative?
A
-white
16
Q
How do parents discipline?
A
- reinforcement & punishment (physical linked w/ negative outcomes - no learning too)
- power assertion (less than ideal outcomes)
- inductive discipline (more than ideal outcomes - provide explanation) – other oriented (how would sarah feel if…) –self oriented (how would you feel if…)
17
Q
How are mothers more like to parent? What does it depend on?
A
- authoritative
- spend time w/ child
- engage in caretaking activities
- depends on culture (what is expected of mothers)
- what matters is the quality
18
Q
How are fathers more likely to parent? What does it depend on?
A
- authoritarian or permissive
- engage in physical play
- depends on culture (what is expected of fathers)
- what matters is the quality
19
Q
What does conflict btw parents relate to?
A
- poorer outcomes
- ex. greater ricks of depression, lower grades
- psychological 7 cognitive
20
Q
which has more of an affect on kids – conflict or quality of parenting?
A
- quality of parenting is more important
- can still be a good parent even if fighting with partner
21
Q
How are the kids if – good parenting but poor marriage?
A
-kids are successful
22
Q
How are the kids if – poor parenting but good marriage?
A
- kids struggle
- not as much as risky (poor parenting & poor marriage)
23
Q
What is divorce associated w/ for kids?
A
-2x more likely to drop out of high school
-more likely to have academic, behavioural, & psychological problems
(likelihood)
-b/c conflict, stress, economic & social difficulties, absence of parent, relocation, etc.
24
Q
If parents don’t fight but get divorced how is kiddo doing psychologically? happiness?
A
- kids struggle psychologically
- not super happy
25
If parents fight a lot & divorce how is kiddo doing psychologically? Happiness?
- kids are doing better psychologically
| - doing better in happiness
26
If parents fight a lot but no divorce how is kiddo doing psychologically? Happiness?
-kids are struggling psychologically
| -
27
Who is happier?
A - Bill who's mom & dad fight but aren't divorced
B - Sal who's parents don't fight but are divorced
C - Delilah who's parents fight a lot but are divorced
-C
28
Does divorce impact kids?
- how & in what situations does divorce have positive & negative effects
- process
- pre -short term & long term effects
29
In what ways are kids from same sex parent households disadvantaged? Caveat?
- trick question! they're not -not disadvantaged/no negative outcomes
- no differences in adjustment, personality, achievement, sexual orientation, school outcomes
- report feeling different but feel positively about their fams
- caveat: small, non-representative samples)
30
What is the most important aspect when it comes to parenting?
- the QUALITY of parenting
| - (regardless of gender, sexuality, fighting)
31
What % of ppl have a sibling?
80%
32
If kids have a good relationship w/ their parents? What is the relationship w/ their siblings more likely to be?
- good as well
| - family system is correlated
33
What makes a relationship w/ siblings different/a distinct social relationship?
- not like peers or parents
- neither vertical or horizontal power structures
- warmth/support & conflict
- equal but also can have more power
- non-voluntary
34
How does gender/sex affect sibling relationship patterns?
- same sex dyads - brother & brother, sister & sister - close until later adolescence then drops
- different sex dyads -brother & sister - drops in early adolescence then increases in later adolescence
35
How does conflict change over time w/ siblings?
- youngest - lots of conflict then less as get older
| - older siblings - conflict for slightly longer
36
Siblings - what is the caregiver relationship?
one sibling (often older sister) serves as a quasi-parent for other
37
What is the buddy sibling relationship?
both siblings like each other & try to be like each other
38
What is the casual/uninvolved sibling relationship?
siblings have little to do w/ eachother
39
What is the critical/conflictual/rival sibling relationship?
one sibling tries to dominates the other; teasing, fighting
40
What are sibling relationships impacted by?
- quality of parenting
- temperament
- personality
- gender
- age
41
Max always wears a ball cap if his brother wears one. Which relationship?
-buddy
42
Molly often plays with her younger sister & feeds her lunch when her mom can't. Which relationship?
caregiver
43
Freya often hits her sister when she tries to use her crayons and makes fun of her big head. Which relationship?
rival
44
What are some functions of having a sibling?
- practice communication & social skills
- buffer for peer rejection, parental conflict, stress
- try out new behaviors
- learn about another gender
- promote individuality
- conflict can be destructive or constructive
45
What did Galton say about birth order?
- first-born sons & only sons ere over-represented among scientists
- birth order differences -diff home enviros/treatments --> diff personality traits/outcomes
46
What do they say about birth order currently?
- findings are mixed
- other factors
- confounded w/ family size (and also, with that, income, education, culture/ethnicity)
47
Do most kids grow up with grandparents?
- no
- only 7% -common for indigenous or immigrant families
- w/in most are couple parents and a grandparent
48
What are grandparents useful for (lol)?
- survival (africa - more likely to live longer w/ grandparent)
- well-being
- closeness = less depressive symptoms -buffer -especially for single-parent family
49
```
Who will have a the most buffer against depressive symptoms?
1. kid with intact family & grandparents
2. step-parent family & grandparents
3. kid with one parent, one grandparent
4. kid with parents, and uninvolved grandparents
A - 1, then 3, then 2
B - 4 then 3
C - 3, then 1, then 2
D - 2 then 1
```
C
50
What are the categories of grandparenting? Which role do more grandparents have?
- (influential, supportive, passive, authority-oriented, detached)
- detached
51
Which role for grandparents is ideal?
influential
52
What is family systems model/approach surrounded by?
- like bronfenbrenner's bioecological model
- differ layer/level = childcare, neighbourhood, culture, social support, income, parents' work, school, etc.
- system doesn't exist in isolation
53
How does low SES effect children?
- 17% grow up in low income households
- increased stress, less time w/ parents, less resources, more conflict
- low ses is a risk factor for children's physical, emotional, academic development
54
How does high SES effect children?
- risk for
- higher levels of alcohol/drug use
- higher levels of anxiety & depression
- stressed, perfectionism
* but not the same kind of risks as low SES, & have the resources to help
55
What do cultures have in similarity when it comes to having kids?
- protect
- nurture
- help kids become competent members of society
- use warmth & control...
56
What do cultures do differently when it comes to kids?
- different levels of warmth & control
- how warmth & control are expressed
* reflect values & beliefs of cultural context
57
How do Chinese parents parent? outcomes?
- less warm (withhold praise, lead to self-satisfied children)
- more controlling (deeply involved parents, respect for fam/authority)
- say control out of love -language
- mixed findings on outcomes (some recent show neg effects of high control)
58
Why might there be mixed findings on chinese parenting?
possibilities:
- differences across ages
- across regions
- across type of control
- changes over time
- sample? how do you define? how do you measure? Change overtime?
59
How do LatinX parents parent? Findings on outcomes?
- high warmth & high 'hostile' control
- familismo (desire for family ties/support)
- respecto (fulfill obligations, maintain harmonious relationships)
- mixed findings (some find positive outcomes of warmth & hostile control)
60
How does culture impact parenting?
- parenting is culturally situated
- what is valued
- relationship & outcomes may differ
- within cultures, a lot of variability
- normativeness --> not all parents w/in culture think the same
- congruent w/ normative then adaptive for children possibly
61
What about culture & extended families?
- black families are more likely to have larger extended family
- beneficial - help w/ child-rearing, reduce costs, transmission of culture
62
Can parents be causal?
yes
