1
Q
What is fluid intelligence?
A
ability to think on the spot -adaption to novel tasks -(attention) -working memory
2
Q
What is crystallized intelligence?
A
-factual knowledge about the world -long-term memory from prior experience -related to verbal ability
3
Q
Why did Binet create the IQ test?
A
- ministry of education asked him to find an objective way to determine the kids who were struggling (vs. subjective teachers)
- focused on higher mental processes & age -brought to north america by Louis Terman
- mental age/chronological age x 100
- based on observable behaviours
4
Q
What is g?
A
general intelligence -cognitive functioning -think/learn on intellectual tasks *
5
Q
Binet - qualities of intelligence ?
A
- based on observable behaviour
- intelligence is different at different ages
6
Q
WISC?
A
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children
- focused less on language
- provides general score plus 5 composite
- (WPPSI - for preschool kids)
- WISC-V up to date one? w/ Carroll’s 3 stratum
7
Q
Is the WISC or the Stanford-Binet more widely used? Why?
A
WISC
-subscales & first to use deviation
8
Q
Do IQ tests have reliability? How do they test this
A
- split-half reliability - (1st half then compare to 2nd half) -0.8 or 0.9 -yes quite reliable
- test -retest (diff version of same test some time later) -yes reliable - moreso closer together (days/weeks)
9
Q
When is there less IQ test relaibility?
A
- if there is longer time between test-retest (ex. years)
- and earlier on in development
10
Q
T or F?
IQ becomes more consistent throughout development?
A
T
11
Q
Do IQ tests have validity? What kinds?
A
- predictive validity (does it predict other things associated w/ intelligence?) -generally yes
- construct/content validity (is it really measuring intelligence) - hard to know - hard to define intelligence ?
12
Q
What is the psychometric approach?
A
- measurement of mental abilities, devising tests to measure a person’s intelligence relative to others
- Stanford-Binet & WISC
13
Q
What is g?
A
general intelligence - can be made up of fluid & crystallized & many other mental abilities/processes - but is the 1 thing that underlies skills etc.
14
Q
What is Three-Stratum Theory of intelligence? Who came up with it?
A
- breaks g down into categories & abilities - all are related/influence each other - but go into the underlying/overarching g
- John B. Carroll
15
Q
Which IQ tests/theories are a part of the psychometric approach?
A
- Stanford-Binet -WISC -WPPI - Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence
- says it can be measured
16
Q
What is Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence?
A
-intelligence relating to success - not measurable - analytical, creative, and practical (everyday, not measured typically)
17
Q
What is Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
A
- 8 different
- linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial abilities, musical, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal
- domains not necessarily related to each other
18
Q
What is dizygotic twins?
A
- fraternal
- share 1/2 DNA
19
Q
What is monozygotic twins?
A
- identical
- share all DNA
20
Q
What are passive genetic effects?
A
effects of your gense emerge by being raised by biological parents who share those genes (high IQ parents create high IQ environment for their kids)
-not consciously doing it
21
Q
What are evocative genetic effects?
A
- child more active role - genes evoke reactions from others
- ex. ask to be read a bedtime story
- evoking reactions
22
Q
What are active genetic effects?
A
kid does it on their own -
ex. chooses to read to themselves or at lunch time etc.
* *watch vid
23
Q
How do they use twins in studies? Intelligence?
A
- fraternal compared to identical - if more shared traits w/ identical then indicates genetic
- intelligence is more similar for identical than for fraternal who are raised together (shows genetic influence)
24
Q
How do effects of genes on IQ change over time? Why?
A
- identical -IQ gets more & more similar with age
- fraternal - IQ gets more different
- b/c choosing your enviro - mono make similar enviro choices
- active (choice) & evocative (influence others) effects
25
How does school effect IQ? study?
-longer in school the higher IQ - study = kids on birthday edge - 1 yr extra in school makes huge difference in test scores
26
How does environment effect IQ?
-those who live in the same environment have similar IQ than those who live separately
27
What was the mindset video?
- 5th graders
- fixed or growth
- did easy puzzle - either praised for 'smart' or effort -then did harder puzzle -(said nothing) -after asked which one they wanted to do, easy or hard
- kids with fixed didn't want to do the harder puzzle (were told 'smart' on first one)
- kids w/ growth chose challenging one (we're praised for effort)
28
How do black ppl tend to do on IQ tests? Why?
- 20pts less
- culture, systemic, racism
- (mindset?)
29
What was a mindset study? (other than claro)
- kids given growth mindset intervention or control -in growth talked about brain development, & abilitity to be good at things later if work hard -math scores went up
- control -didn't
- did pretest & postest
30
What was a mindset study? (other than claro)
- math mindset intervention - growth group (vs control) made math grades go up
- kids given growth mindset intervention or control -in growth talked about brain development, & abilitity to be good at things later if work hard
- control
- did pretest & postest
31
What is growth mindset?
-intelligence and talent can go up or down - incremental theory
32
What does mindset predict?
- response to challenges/failures
| - academic outcomes
33
What aspect of language is fairly recent?
- written language
| - recent cultural development
34
Is written language universal?
no
35
Is written language universal?
no
| -all children will acquire spoken language, but not all will learn how to read & write
36
What are the three different writing systems?
- alphabetic
- syllabic
- logographic
37
What is the alphabetic writing system? (2 kinds w/in alphabetic?)
- each symbol or letter corresponds to a sound - can sound out the word
- ex. Russian, French, English
- transparent/shallow orthography
- opaque orthography
38
What is transparent/shallow orthography?
- 1 to 1
- 1 word = 1 same sound (most of the time)
- ex. Spanish, Hungarian, Finnish
39
What is opaque orthography?
- irregular - makes different sounds when paired with different letters (ex. p vs. ph)
- ex. english, French -English most opaque
40
What is syllabic writing system?
- each symbol represents a syllable -consonant & a vowel
| - ex. japanese kana, Amharic, Tamil
41
What is logographic writing system?
- reach character is it's own full word - can't sound it out
| - ex. Japanese kanji, Chinese
42
What do you need to read as an adult?
- understanding of language (what each words means)
- symbolic understanding (word stands for something else)
- visually-based retrieval
- phonological recoding
43
What are strategies for alphabetic? Do you use 1 or the other?
- phonological recoding (sound out word, symbol-sound)
- visually based retrieval (whole word recognition, use memory)
- use both
44
What happens in Stage 0 of reading?
(0-3) playing w/ book, pretend to read, play with words, know there's language
- (3-4 yrs) -know letters have names -recognize some print (ex. stop signs), interest in books/reading
- (5yrs) - recognize upper & lowercase - not sounding out (?) but understand they are symbols
- phonemic awareness
45
What happens in Stage 1?
- (6-7yrs)
- alphabetic principle (1 to 1 - letters are connected to sounds)
- phonological recoding
46
What happens in Stage 2?
(7-8yrs)
| -gains in reading fluency - more visually based retrieval
47
What happens in stage 3/4?
(8-12yrs)
- reading for learning
- more complex
48
What happens in stage 5?
(highschool/university)
| -integrate knowledge btw self & others
49
What is phonemic awareness? What stage?
- being able to recognize & analyze the sound structure of spoken words -about speaking/hearing not writing -(ex. nursery rhymes)
- Stage 0
- predicts reading skill prior to school
- training can boost reading development
50
Summary of intelligence
- what is intelligence -debated whether one thing, many, subabilities - but agree there is some kind of intelligence that varies across ppl
- operationalized as IQ tests
51
Summary of IQ tests
- how do we measure intelligence?
- -administered by trained pros
- strict guidelines
- re-normed for population & to redetermine 100 (?)
52
Why use IQ tests?
- can help identify mental abilities/disabilities
- access to special classes
- access to programs/support
- can be used in court cases (ex. death penalty - bright lines)
- policies (lead paint - Needleman (1979))
- predicts job performance, attitudes, health
- changes in IQ - can study impacts of poverty, violence, pollution, breaks from school
53
Can IQ tests be dangerous?
- how do we treat ppl based on IQ?
- researchers motivated by eugenics (sir Francis Galton) - only high IQ can populate the earth
- may not actually measure intelligence:
- culturally biased
- performance sensitive to motivation ($$) 7 coaching
54
Summary of group differences in IQ
- sex/gender -girls better on verbal, boys better on spatial
- race -(not genetic diff) -cultural biased tests (ex. regatta) - family bgs - social impact - stereotype threat (Claude Steele)
55
What was a study of stereotype threat & math test?
- Ambady et al (2001)
- asian american girls - one stereotype = asians are good at math
- one stereotype = girls are bad at math
- primed -exposed to one or the other
- if asian identity primed did better -if girl, worse (except upper elementary school, girl = pride, gender segregated)
56
What is IQ testing correlated with?
- job performance
- health
- attitudes
- (academic, occupational, economic success)
57
Who was Louis Terman?
-brought Binet's IQ test to America -focused on inherited intelligence
58
Which one came first? Binet-Simon or stanford-binet?
binet-simon
59
What is the phenomenon Flynn effect? Why?
- IQ scores hae consistently risen by 10-20 pts over 80 yrs
| - maybe nutrition, healthy, formal education, societal emphasis on fluid, new tech
60
At what age are intelligence tests most successful?
age 5/6+
61
What is the difference between stanford-binet & binet-simon?
- standford-binet -(now deviation - where kids are relative to others) -mean of 100
- to find normal distribution
62
What variable is most related to occupational success?
intelligence
63
How does poverty influence intelligence?
-negatively
-more influence than genes
(but growth mindset can be protective)
64
What is phonological recoding?
- converting visual form of a word into verbal then meaning
| - (heart of dyslexia)
65
Summarize Claro
Mindset tempers the effects of poverty on academic achievement
- nationally representative Chile -high schools -survey
- growth mindset predicts achievement for everyone
- those from lower income 2x less likely to have growth mindset
- but those who do have it are buffered against effects of poverty on achievement
- causal - one direction (doing well in school does not give you growth mindset)
- limitations: not globally representative? -don't know why low income more likely to be fixed
66
Who has the best academic scores?
1. Kat who is low income & has a fixed mindset
2. Deepti who is low income but has growth mindset
3. Harry who is high income but has fixed mindset
4. Josh who is high income but has growth mindset
A. 4 then 2 & 3, then 1
B. 1 then 4, then 2 & 3
C. 3 & 4, then 1 & 2
D. 2
A
67
What is a fixed mindset?
intelligence & talent are fixed @ birth
| -entity theory
68
What is stereotype threat? For who?
our awareness that stereotypes about our social groups can impact our thoughts & performance -a psychological burden -worried behaviour might confirm a neg stereotype
-likely for all
