1
Q
Is the self social or cognitive?
A
- both
- cognitive = mental representations, distinct from others
- social = interactions/experiences w/ others
2
Q
What is self-concept?
A
- attributes. attitudes, definitions, characteristics of ourselves
- descriptions of self
- reflections of consciousness of selfhood
- develops primarily through interactions w/ ppl in enviro
3
Q
What is the self made up of?
A
-self esteem, self concept, identity
4
Q
What does self-concept in infancy look life?
A
- more self awareness than concept -physical self/body
- implicit awareness - separate entity, active, different from parents, can make ppl respond
- 1 1/2 - 2 yrs - more explicit self concept - 18 months -pass rouge test
- 2yrs recognize self in pictures
- & use categories to define themselves (gender, age) -use ‘me’ & own name
5
Q
What is the rouge test?
A
- put lipstick on their face - if wipe the mirror - under 18 months
- if wipe face = older than 18months
- understand sense of self
6
Q
What does self concept look like in early childhood? (age 3-6)
A
- can describe self
- concrete observable features
- unrealistically positive
- over estimate own’s abilities
- (piaget’s egocentrism)
- related to physical attributes, physical activities & abilities, personal preferences, possession, & psychological traits
7
Q
I have a dog, a cat and 2 hamsters. I can colour really well and paint really well. My room has dinosaurs in it. I always win at
miniature golf.
A
Age 3
8
Q
What does self concept look like in middle childhood? (age 6/7/8/9)
A
- start to refer to global characteristics (ex. creative)
- more realistic & balanced (what you actually can & can’t do)
- ideal self & actual self
- social comparisons (evaluate self based on how others see you)
- less egocentrism
- not internal
9
Q
I’m good at art; I’m creative. Most of the other girls say that I’m nice. I have two girls who are really good friends. I’m not very good at sports.
A
Age 9
10
Q
What does self concept look like in adolescence?
A
(8-11) -higher order concepts - coordinate opposing self-representations -person overall -more on how other ppl evaluate them
(11-13) -nuanced - complicated
-overarching self across contexts
-more abstract & internal (not observable traits)
-think about future
(11-13)
- false self behaviour
- personal fable
- imaginary audience
11
Q
What is false self behaviour?
A
intentionally presents a false impression to others
-(mainly w/ romantic partners & parents, not friends)
12
Q
What is personal fable?
A
belief that one’s own experience is unique and novel
13
Q
What is imaginary audience?
A
the belief that everyone else is focused on you -looking at you, noticing you
14
Q
What influences self concept?
A
- cognitive development
- parents (warmth & support = more positive self worth, family narratives)
- peers (social comparison, what ppl tell us about ourselves)
- culture (nurture)
15
Q
What are family narratives?
A
How parents talk about the child -share memories - helps construct themselves -positive = accentuate self concept
-enduring
16
Q
What are parental warmth & support correlated with?
A
-more positive self worth
17
Q
What is self concept like in individualistic cultures?
A
-describe/focus more on internal traits/aspects
-private -categories (ex. i’m in second grade)
-more abstract (ex. creative)
-family narratives = individual (you did xyz)
*
18
Q
What is self concept like in collective cultures?
A
- describe/focus more on relational aspects, situational characteristics
- public -relationships
- more specific (ex. 2 yrs ago I broke my leg riding my bike)
- family narratives = relational (we, you & I)
19
Q
I’m pretty complicated, actually. Most people don’t understand
me, especially my parents! I’m sensitive, moody, affectionate, and
sometimes self-conscious.
A
Age 17
20
Q
Summarize Umana-Taylor? (Identity Project)
A
- small-scale (8 classrooms of 15yr olds) -USA -randomized experimental trial about Ethnic Racial Identity -Identity Project (mental health, general youth) - surveys - 1 wk before, 12 wks after, 18 wks after
- seems program is effective
- important to minorities (better adjustment)
- minority predicted whether explored & resolution
- white youth reported lower levels of exploration & resolution than ethnic-racial minorities
- exploration @ T2 predicted resolution
- causal
- (Erikson - Identity vs. Role Confusion)
- limitations: sample size, researcher effects, selection bias, not generalizable/diverse enough
- 1 yr later = self-esteem went up, depressive symptoms went down, grades went up
- explore own ER, peers, and issues
- same/diff outcomes for maj vs. minority youth?
21
Q
Who is most likely to have the most resolution after the ERI intervention? A -a white (majority) who explored B-a white (minority) who explored- C-a black (minority) who explored D- a black (majority) who didn't explore
A
C
- white youth reported lower levels of exploration & resolution than ethnic-racial minorities
- not sure if more efficacious for ethnic-racial minority vs. majority
- reread section
22
Q
What is self esteem?
A
-evaluations of ourselves
-diff domains
-how you think about yourself generally
-differentiates throughout development
-overall subjective evaluations of worth & feelings
(doesn’t emerge until age 8 **)
23
Q
What is the trajectory of self esteem?
A
- starts high, declines through childhood -declines early adolescence
- for many increases during later adolescence
24
Q
What are the gender differences w/ self esteem?
A
- women - stable across time
- men have higher self esteem in every culture
- in 3rd grade women steep drop in thinking they’re physically attractive -men drop at 6-7th grade
25
What influences self esteem?
- gender
- approval of others
- societal standard (physical attractiveness, media)
- culture (diff meanings of self esteem) (diff responses to praise) (individual = own, internal accomplishments) (collective = group, relational accomplishments -sometimes lower score cuz value modesty)
26
What is the best predictor of overall self esteem?
-perceived physical attractiveness
27
What are the outcomes of higher self esteem?
-better in school
-better well-being
(low = emotional & behavioural problems)
28
What was the Self-Esteem Movement?
- 1980s
- programs designed to boost self-esteem to boost academic performance
- effective in boosting self esteem
- not effective in boosting grades
- b/c correlation -not causation
29
What is identity?
- a theory of oneself
- understanding & coming to terms w/ who you are & how you are seen by society
- degree of feeling secure who they are
- multiple - sexual, gender, ethnic, religious, occupational, political
30
What theorist does identity relate to?
Erikson
- identity vs. role confusion
- resolve conflict when feel at home within your body & your commitments
31
What is psychosocial moratorium?
time in which individuals are free from excessive obligations and can experiment w/ diff roles -not a lot of external commitment
-(is a luxury)
32
Marie is happy with who she is & thinks other ppl like to hang out with her b/c she's nice.
Is this self concept, self esteem or identity?
Self esteem
33
Barbara describes herself as happy go lucky but with a sensitive side & says she's a skilled gymnast who is aiming to go to the olympics.
Is this self concept, self esteem or identity?
Self concept
34
Marko is an actor who looks up to Ryan Reynolds. He's a practicing muslim who values family time. He's bisexual & is a liberal who has protested for womens rights and gay marriage.
Is this self concept, self esteem, or identity?
Identity
35
Marko is an actor who looks up to Ryan Reynolds. He's a practicing muslim who values family time. He's bisexual & is a fan of the arts and knows that ppl label him as liberal.
Is this self concept, self esteem, or identity?
Identity
36
Is identity a crisis?
according to erikson, yes
| -current - no, more of a process of who you are, an exploration -doesn't need to be resolved
37
According to James Marcia what do you need to achieve an identity?
- exploration
| - commitment
38
What is Marcia's moratorium?
-exploring but haven't committed
| =anxiety, conflict w/ authority
39
What is Marcia's foreclosure?
-haven't explored but have already committed
| =prejudice, need for social approval, low autonomy
40
What is Marcia's identity diffusion?
-
-haven't thought about identity - haven't explored or committed
= psych & behavioural problems
41
What is Marcia's identity achievement?
-explored & committed
| =intimacy, agency, maturity
42
Sally is at university. One week she tries skateboarding. The next she's joined a choir. She's been with a woman, she's been with a man. Recently she's been fighting w/ her parents & feeling worried about her grades. What status is she in?
-moratorium
43
Clarisse was told by her parents that she was a Christian. She has been devout ever since. She dislikes agnostics, often stays at home and worries a lot about how her friends see her. What status is she in?
-foreclosure
44
Dan has been travelling a round the world, studying a broad. He knows he loves to cook and wants to be a chef. Him and his long time girlfriend are taking another trip together. When they fight, they're able to sit down and properly communicate & make up. What status?
-identity achievement
45
Parseet is still young & doesn't know how to spend her free time. She wants a hobby but doesn't have the time. Sometimes she wants to be a ballerina, other times, a doctor. What status?
Identity diffusion
46
Does everyone have an ERI? Minority? Majority?
yes everyone
47
Which is internal & external (ish) - self concept, self esteem, identity? Which does a newborn baby have?
```
internal = self concept & self esteem
-external = identity
```
-identity
48
What are the stages of process for ERI?
-unexamined ERI (children) -then experience/comments, realize 'different' -then to exploration (early adolescence) -then to resolution (benefits of feeling competent in who you are)
49
What is affirmation w/ ERI? What does it do
- how good/bad you feel about ERI
| - it's a protective factor - will do better in face of discrimination/stereotypes
50
What is public regard w/ ERI?
-how positively a person believes other ppl view their ethnic/racial group
51
What is centrality w/ ERI?
-how important a person's ethnic/racial group is to their identity
52
What is salience w/ ERI?
-how important a person feel their ethnic/racial group us to a particular situation
53
What is ethnic-racial identification? When?
- how someone labels their race & ethnicity
| - in childhood
54
What is ethnic-racial identity? When?
- how someone feels about/their thoughts on their race & ethnicity -process
- (questions heightened in adolescence)
55
Does inflated praise work for children w/ low self esteem?
- no
| - but seems to work for those w/ higher self esteem
56
Describe sexual identity
- rises in adolescence -attraction partly biological/hereditary
- maj heterosexual
- sexual minority discriminated against - often don't identify as LGB until after 15, then disclose after 20 (getting earlier)
- labels often change over time
- LGb w/ supportive parents have higher self esteem
- those who don't -way more likely to have depression, attempt suicide
- LGB identity is very closely tied to sexual orientation
57
What is is marginalized status for minority youth?
- don't identify why either minority or majority
| ex. neither american nor korean
58
What is is assimilated status for minority youth?
- identify w/ majority but not minority
- (quite challenging - discrimination)
- (ex. more american than korean)
59
What is is bicultural status for minority youth?
-identify w/ both
-(benefits -emotional & psychological & academic success - but not always advantageous)
(american & korean)
60
What is is separated status for minority youth?
- identify w/ minority
- (can be more ideal for some, ex. indigenous youth - trauma by maj culture)
(ex. more korean than american)
61
What do minority youth struggle w/ when it comes to identity status?
- pull between minority culture & broader majority
| - acculturative stress
62
What shapes ERI?
- socialization (taught about race by parents, etc. more common for minority)
- school (context, diversity, programs)
63
What is positive ERI associated w/?
- lower levels of depressive symptoms
- higher self-esteem
- positive academic outcomes
- protection in the face of discrimination (disc shapes identity throughout life)
64
What is discrimination linked w/?
- less adjustment w/
- mental health, academics, social relationships
- negative outcomes
- causes stress
- but strong ERI can be protective (se effects of disc aren't as strong)
65
How to promote ERI in schools?
- openness
- affinity groups (same race -discuss -give maj a specific topic/goal)
- formal curriculum?
66
When does self esteem first emerge?
8 years old
67
How do results of the rouge test diff culturally?
-some kids (collectivist) might think the research put it there for a reason
