3. HLTH 213 > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

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1
Q

urinary system function:

A
  • eliminate waste products through formation of urine
  • activate vit D
  • produce erythropoietin

contribute to regulation of:

  • arterial blood pressure
  • pH of body fluids
  • vol and comp of blood
  • blood glucose levels
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2
Q

kidney: features

A
  • post to peritoneum
  • within abdominal cavity
  • R kidney lower than L
  • T12-L3 level
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3
Q

kidney: surrounded by main layers

A
  • renal capsule
  • perinephric fat
  • renal fascia
  • paranephric fat
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4
Q

kidney function: renal capsule

A
  • dense ct

- barrier to fat

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5
Q

kidney function: perinephric fat

A
  • protects kidney

- holds in place

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6
Q

kidney function: renal fascia

A
  • fibrous tissue

- anchors kidney to surrounding structures

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7
Q

kidney function: paranephric fat

A
  • protection
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8
Q

kidney: main internal parts

A
  • renal cortex

- renal medulla

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9
Q

kidney: renal cortex

A

superficial layer of kidney + renal columns

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10
Q

kidney: renal medulla

A

renal pyramids - papillary ducts - minor calyces (via renal papilla) - major calyces - renal pelvis - ureter

drainage system fills renal sinus cavity

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11
Q

nephron: comprised of

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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12
Q

nephron: renal corpuscle =

A

glomerular capillaries + bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

several nephrons drain into:

A

collecting duct

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14
Q

many collecting ducts drain into:

A

papillary duct

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15
Q

nephron: classified as

A
  • cortical (80-85%)

- juxtamedullary

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16
Q

nephron: cortical

A
  • renal corpuscles in outer part of cortex

- short loop of Henle, mainly in cortex

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17
Q

nephron: juxtamedullary

A
  • renal corpuscles in inner part of cortex
  • long loop of Henle, mainly in medulla
  • very important for concentrating/ diluting urine
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18
Q

nephron: renal corpuscle - glomerulus

A
  • capillaries which contain blood from body to be filtered
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19
Q

nephron: renal corpuscle - bowman’s capsule

A
  • double walled surrounding glomerulus

- receives filtrate from glomerulus (water, solutes)

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20
Q

nephron: tubules - proximal convoluted tubules

A
  • receives filtrate from bowman’s cap
  • microvilli maximise reabsorption/ secretion
  • 65% filtered H2O, nearly 100% solutes reabsorbed
  • H+, ammonium, urea, creatinine secreted
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21
Q

nephron: tubules - loop of Henle

A
  • descending/ ascending limb
  • receives filtrate from PCT
  • reabsorb water, sodium, potassium, chloride, secrete urea
  • urine conc
  • macula densa (cell at distal cell) help monitor conc of sodium, chloride in filtrate
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22
Q

nephron: tubules - distal convoluted tubules

A
  • receives filtrate from loop of Henle
  • most of tubule is involved in reabsorption of water, sodium, chloride
  • more distal part of tubule: principle cells and intercalated cells
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23
Q

nephron: tubules - DCT principle cells

A
  • reabsorb water, sodium, urea and secrete potassium

- respond to ADH and aldosterone

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24
Q

nephron: tubules - DCT intercalated cells

A
  • reabsorb bicarbonate and urea and secrete hydrogen
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25
nephron: drainage - collecting ducts
- receive filtrate from 1+ nephron - contain principle and intercalated cells - drain into papillary duct
26
nephron: no. of nephrons
- remains constant from birth - no replacement - dysfunction occurs when function declines by 25% - removal of 1 kidney causes enlargement of remaining until it can filter at 80% of normal rate of 2 kidneys
27
blood supply to kidney:
- R and L renal aa | - R and L renal v
28
blood supply pathway in kidney:
abdominal aorta - renal aa - segmental aa - interlobar aa (btw pyramids) - arcuate aaa- interlobular aa (renal columns) - afferent arterioles - glomerular capillaries - efferent arterioles - peritubular capillaries/ and or vasa recta
29
kidney: 3 major activities
- glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption - tubular secretion
30
kidney: glomerular filtration
- movement of plasma into bowman's capsule - filtrate comprises of all blood except cells, platelets, most proteins regulated by: - arterial blood pressure - nervous system - endocrine system
31
kidney: tubular reabsorption
- movement of water and solutes from filtrate within nephron and back into blood vessels - osmosis - simple diffusion - facilitated absorption - active transport generally: - 99% water - 99.5% sodium - 100% glucose - 44% urea
32
kidney: tubular secretion
- movement of substances from blood into filtrate important substances secreted: - potassium - hydrogen and ammonium (help control pH of body fluids) - creatinine - some drugs
33
kidney: where does tubular reabsorption occur
- tubules - loop of Henle - collecting ducts
34
kidney: where does tubular secretion occur
- tubules - loop of Henle - collecting ducts
35
arterial blood pressure: determined by
- cardiac output - peripheral resistance - blood vol
36
kidney principally influences:
- blood vol - also peripheral resistance - juxtaglomerular apparatus vital
37
juxtaglomerular apparatus: parts
- macula densa - juxtaglomerular cells in wall of afferent arteriole - extraglomerular mesangial cells btw afferent and efferent arterioles
38
lowered arterial BP or blood vol =
- lower blood in renal vessels - lower stretch of afferent arterioles - juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
39
angiotensin II does:
- constricts efferent arterioles - releases aldosterone - release ADH - stimulate thirst
40
result: constrict efferent arterioles
increase in glomerular filtration pressure
41
result: release aldosterone/ ADH
reabsorption of more water, increase blood vol
42
result: stimulate thirst
increase blood vol
43
ureters: features
- retroperitoneal - enters post wall of bladder - physiological valve (bladder wall compresses ureteral opening as it expands during filling) - flow results from peristalsis, gravity and hydrostatic pressure
44
urinary bladder: apex
- points to upper part of pubic symphysis | - connected to ant ab wall near umbilicus by median umbilical lig
45
urinary bladder: base
- shaped like inverted triangle - face postero-inf - ureters enter at upper corners - urethra exits from lower corner - muscosa smooth (trigone)
46
urinary bladder: superior surface
slightly domed when empty, more so when full
47
urinary bladder: 2 inferolateral surfaces
btw levator ani and obturator internus
48
urinary bladder: neck
- most inf - surrounds urethral opening - anchored by pair of fibromuscular bands -> posteroinferior parts of pubic bones
49
urinary bladder: females- anterior
pubis
50
urinary bladder: females- posterior
- uterus | - vagina
51
urinary bladder: females- superior
- uterus | - small intestine
52
urinary bladder: females- inferior
N/A
53
urinary bladder: females- inferolateral
pelvic diaphragm
54
urinary bladder: males- anterior
pubis
55
urinary bladder: males- posterior
- rectum - seminal vesicles - ampulla of ductus deferens
56
urinary bladder: males- superior
small intestine
57
urinary bladder: males- inferior
prostate
58
urinary bladder: males- inferolateral
pelvic diaphragm
59
urinary bladder: layers in wall
- mucosa - muscularis (aka detrusor) - adventitia
60
urinary bladder: mucosa
- transitional epithelium and lamina propria - mucus protect cells from urine - in rugae not trigone
61
urinary bladder: muscularis
- 3 layers of smooth muscle - circular smooth mm -> internal urethral sphincter - circular skeletal mm -> external urethral sphincter
62
urinary bladder: adventitia
- loose ct anchors it in place | - superior surface has serosal layer
63
micturition reflex: step 1
- bladder holds 700-800ml urine - vol > 200-400 stretch receptors stimulated - impulses sent to sacral spinal cord -> sensation of fullness/ desire to urinate
64
micturition reflex: step 2
- micturition reflex centre in sacral spinal cord - without this, reflex motor response cause bladder to contract - everything healthy will send inhibitory/ facilitatory signals to reflex centre
65
micturition reflex: step 3
- if appropriate time to urinate, facilitatory impulses descend from brain - sacral spinal cord = reflex triggered - efferent pathway involves parasympathetic fibres -> detrusor mm contract, int sphincter mm relax
66
micturition reflex: step 4
- urine enters urethra sends impulses to S2-4 - decrease activity of pudendal n -> allow ext urethral sphincter relax - conscious control of ext sphincter
67
micturition reflex: step 5
urination occurs
68
urethra: female
- directed anteroinferior - opens into vestibule - inf part bound to ant wall of vagina
69
urethra: male
- tube passes through prostate, urogenital diaphragm and penis - prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra (sometimes preprostatic part) - opens at tip of glans penis (ext urethral orifice) - circular smooth mm forms int urethral sphincter - urogential diaphragm forms ext urethral sphincter
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