1
Q
define parasite
A
organism that obtains nourishment & shelter on/in another organism, usually without causing death
2
Q
Define ectoparasite
A
spend some/all of lives parasitising & usually live on or burrow into surface of hosts skin
3
Q
What is the importance of ectoparasites
A
Animal health & welfare
- Direct effects
- Indirect effects
Economic impact
Zoonotic potential
4
Q
Label the parasite
A
5
Q
Describe the ectoparasite ectoskeleton/cuticle
A
Made of chitin
- Polysaccharide (a bit like cellulose) and protein
Protection
- Crunchy on the outside
Site of muscle attachment
Limits size of each growth stage (further growth only possible through moulting, even in larvae where cuticle is soft)
6
Q
Define hemimetabola and holometabola
A
Hemimetabola = partial metamorphism
Holometabola = full metamorphism
7
Q
Describe physical adaptations of fleas
A
Tube-like mouthparts
Laterally flattened with hard exoskeleton
Wingless
Backwards pointing spines & bristles – can’t be pulled off host
Enlarged hind legs for jumping
Adults are obligate blood sucking parasites
8
Q
How do fleas cause disease
A
Cause disease through:
- Irritation
- Allergy
- Blood loss – anaemia
- Spread of infections
9
Q
What flea is this
A
10
Q
What flea is this
A
11
Q
What flea is this
A
12
Q
What flea is this
A
13
Q
What flea is this
A
14
Q
Name some common UK fleas
A
Ctenocephalides felis (the cat flea)
Ctenocephalides canis (the dog flea)
Ceratophyllus gallinae (the European hen flea)
Spilopsyllus cuniculi (the European rabbit flea)
Archaeopsylla erinacei (European hedgehog flea)
15
Q
Describe the flea lifecycle
A
16
Q
What are some flea direct effects
A
Adult female cat flea sucks 13.6µl blood per day, severe infestation of young/old animals can lead to anemia
Substances in flea saliva act as allergens causing severe allergic response, resulting in inflammation & pruritus (flea allergic dermatitis - FAD).
17
Q
Describe flea allergic dermatitis
A
Common hypersensitivity reaction in cats and dogs
More likely to have signs of FAD when from multi-pet households
Sensitised animals intermittently exposed to fleas appear to have greatest reaction
Unlikely to find fleas on affected animal!
Sensitised animals constantly exposed to fleas have reduced reaction
18
Q
What pathogens are fleas vectors/hosts for
A
Myxomatosis – caused by poxvirus (myxoma virus Leporipoxvirus)
Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease CSD) & other Bartonella spp
Feline Infectious Anaemia (Mycoplasma haemofelis)
Yersinia pestis – plague
Rickettsia felis – typhus
- And other rickettsias
19
Q
Describe how fleas act as an intermediate host for Dipylidium caninum (dog tapeworm)
A
20
Q
How can fleas be controlled
A
21
Q
How can Ctenocephalides felis and canis be recognised
A
22
Q
How can pulex irritans be recognised
A
23
Q
How can Ceratophyllus gallinae be recognised
A
24
Q
What is the 3rd stage of life cycle called and do all fly species have this stage
A
Pupa
Yes
25
Why is Musca domestica of veterinary importance
26
Why are members of family Culicidae of veterinary importance
Mosquitos:
- cause irritation
- infection transmission
27
Match the larvae to their adult stages
28
Which larvae is adapted to an aquatic habitat
A
29
Which larvae will take the longest to develop
C
30
Which mouthparts are adapted for piercing and which for sponging
Piercing: B & C
Sponging: A
31
Which type of mouthpart is characteristic of suborder Nematocera
C
32
Which type of mouthpart is characteristic of stable flies
B
33
What can you infer about the feeding habits of the housefly from its mouthparts
liquid diet
34
Do myiasis and fly strike mean the same thing
yes
35
Which family do these fly species that cause myiasis belong to
36
Are mosquitos a mechanical or biological vector for heart worm
Biological (they are the host)
37
What parasites do mosquitos transmit
Heart worm
Avian malaria
Pox
Myxomatosis
38
Which of these lice are sucking lice and which are chewing lice
Sucking: B & C
Chewing: A & D
39
Which of these lice is found on cats
D
40
Which of these lice is found on pigs
C
41
Which of these lice belongs to genus Linognathus
B
42
Name stages 1-4 of flea lifecycle
adult
egg
larva
pupa
43
What do fleas feed on during stage 3
Organic detritus
44
Which of the following terms applies to flea lifecycle?
Holometabolous
Hemimetabolous
Ametabolous
Holometabolous
45
Why is it important to treat surrounding environment as well as pet when dealing with flea infestation
pyramid of non-adult life stages
46
Which common flea is found on both cats & dogs in UK
1
47
Which flea species commonly affects bird species
4
48
Which species of flea is shown here
Spilosyllus cuniculi
49
Which species of flea is likely to have caused this
Tunga penetrans
50
Which of these ectoparasites are fleas
A & D
51
Which of these ectoparasites are lice
B
52
Which of these dont belong to class Insecta
C & F
53
Which of these is in an immature larval stage
F
54
55
56
57
58
59
Disease = Sarcoptes
60
61
62
63
sand fly infected with Leishmania
64
65
66
67
68
What are the reasons for unsuccessful flea control
69
How can the best flea control results be obtained
70
71
What is the veterinary importance of flies
Direct effects:
- Bites & allergies
- Bot flies
- Myiasis causing flies
Indirect effects:
- Transmission of infection
72
Describe typical lifecycle of flies
73
Describe Simuliidae flies
Black flies
Most important genus is Simulium
Eggs & larvae in oxgenated, fast-flowing water
Adult males eat nectar, adult females eat blood from wide range of vertebrates
Cause sweet itch in horses
also transmit Onchocerca spp (filarial nematodes) among horses & cattle
74
Describe Psychodidae flies
Sand flies
Look like small, hairy mosquitos
Eggs laid on ground & larvae (multiple stages) live in humid soil, leaf litter etc.
Only female adults drink blood
Transmit range of pathogens, most important is protozoan Leishmania, infects humans & dogs, transmitted by Phlebotomus spp in Europe & Lutzomyia in Americas
75
Describe Ceratopogonidae
Biting midges (Chironomid midges do not bite) Mainly Culicoides spp
Adults tiny & larvae/pupae are microscopic
Live in aquatic/semi-aqatic areas
Eggs laid on water/moist ground & larvae (multiple stages & can be maggot or caterpillar-like) live in ponds, streams or damp puddles
Adults drink nectar, but female adults drink blood before laying eggs
Severe irritants, cause skin allergies (eg most common cause of sweet itch in horses) & transmit range of pathogens in various species - eg bluetongue, African horse sickness, Schmallenberg viruses, various trypanosomes & filaroid nematotodes
76
Describe Culicidae
Mosquitoes
2 main groups, anopheline (eg Aedes spp) & culicine (eg Culex spp)
Breed in aquatic areas
Eggs laid on water or moist ground & larvae (multiple stages) live in still ponds, water butts etc.
Culicine larvae hang down & anopheline lay parallel with surface of water
Adults drink nectar, but female adults drink blood before laying eggs
Can be severe irritants, cause skin allergies & transmit range of pathogens in various species
- Protozoa (e.g. Plasmodium - malaria), nematodes (e.g. Dirofilaria immitis - dog heart worm)
- Viruses (e.g. myxomatosis)
77
Describe tabanidae flies
Horseflies, clegs, deer flies
Big, nasty biting flies
Diurnal and strong fliers
Wait in shade then pounce…
Eggs laid on stems of plants & larvae live in wet mud or completely aquatic
Require several months to complete life cycle
Adults feed on nectar, but females bite and drink blood
Large saw-like mouthparts so very painful
Highly irritant, can mechanically spread lots of infections, Haematopota pluvalis is most common in UK
78
Describe tabanidae lifecycle
79
Describe hippoboscidae flies
Obligate ectoparasites, both males & females feeding on blood
Melophagus ovis – sheep ked
- Permanent ectoparasite, no wings, 5-8mm
- Single egg hatches inside female, goes through 3 stages & emerges in time to stick to hair & pupate
- Transmission through direct contact
- Irritation, rubbing, wool-loss
Hippoboscis equina
- ~10mm, has wings and can fly short distances
- Female produces larvae that pupate on the ground
- found on horses and possibly cattle
Other spp – found on deer, common on wild birds …
80
What is myiasis and give examples of bot flies causing it
Infestation of tissues of animals by larval stage of flies
Obligate:
- Oestridae – Bot flies
- Sarcophagidae – flesh flies
Facultative:
- Calliphoridae – Blow/bottle flies
- Muscidae – (some) house flies
81
Give examples of gasterophilus genus (horse bot fly) and how they cause infection
Gasterophilus intestinalis
- females lays eggs around the knees
Gasterophilus nasalis
- females lay eggs under the jaw
Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis
- Female lays eggs around the lips
Larvae migrate through various parts of mouth, to pharynx, then swallowed
Bind to glandular-non-glandular border of stomach.
Mild infestations usually go un-noticed
More severe can cause blockage of GI tract, erosion & ulceration of stomach or infections in mouth
Laying of eggs can cause alarm in horses, leading to injuries (females fly after galloping horses!)
82
Describe Oestrus ovis (sheep nasal bot fly)
Larviparous
Larvae cause profuse discharge & thickening of nasal mucosa that impairs respiration
Larvae present in sinuses sometimes unable to escape – die & lead to septic sinusitis (sometimes enter brain)
83
Describe flies from genus hypoderma
Heel flies, warble flies, cattle grubs
Adults fly in spring & early summer & lay eggs on skin
Eggs hatch, larvae migrate & moult through body (between muscles to oesophagus or up nerves to vertebrae) then on to skin where moult again & cut breathing holes in hide
Final stage grub drops to ground and pupates
Whole cycle takes about a year
Damage hide.
Noise made by female frightens cattle causing gadding – loss of production & injuries.
84
What is fly strike
Myiasis often affecting sheep & rabbits
Caused by flies which lay eggs into wounds, orifices or rotten fleeces
Adult flies attracted to moist wound, skin lesion or soiled hair where they feed & lay eggs
Unless process is halted, infested animals may die from shock, histolysis or secondary infection
85
Describe bow flies
In UK blow/bottle flies are primary agents of flystrike in sheep
Lucilia spp are facultative parasites, eating carrion, causing strike, & (unlike screwworm) mainly eat lymph & necrotic tissue, only eat healthy tissue when overcrowded
Eggs laid in moist areas – eg faecal/urine soiled areas, or where infection is already underway (eg deep in fleece in infected wounds)
Female adults require protein feed before lay eggs – eg from wound secretions
May affect up to 80% of sheep farms in UK
Other blowflies with similar lifecycles that cause strike in UK include Phormia regina, Protophormia terraenovae & Calliphora vicina (erythrocephala)
86
What are genus Wohlfahrtia flies (flesh flies)
Obligate larval parasite of warm blooded vertebrates in Mediterranean eastern, central Europe & Asia minor
Causes rapid & severe myiasis in most livestock (mainly sheep)
87
What are Hydrotaea irritans (sheep head fly)
88
What are Haemotobia irritans (Horn flies)
89
How can flies be controlled
Husbandry
- Remove litter/manure, carcasses
- Ensure animals are healthy (eg shear soiled wool/fur, clean & protect wounds)
Mechanical
- Barriers, meshes, traps
- Cleaning / burning
Chemicals
- Insecticides, repellents
*On animal
*In environment
Biological control
- Parasitoid wasps
- Nematodes / bacteria
90
Define diptera
2 wings (1 pair) in true flies (other insects have 2 pairs of wings)
91
What are the physical adaptations of Phthiraptera (lice)
Claws
Dorso-ventrally flattened
Wingless
Mouthparts adapted for chewing on epidermal debris, feathers & sebaceous secretions or for sucking blood
92
Label the lice
93
Describe louse eggs
Louse eggs (nits) are pale, translucent & suboval
Firmly glued to hairs near skin
Chicken lice lay eggs in large masses as base of feathers
94
What are the direct and indirect effects of lice
Direct effects:
- Pediculosis – infestation of lice
- Pruritus and dermal irritation
- Unthrifty appearance & lowered production in farm animals
- Loss of hair (in severe)
- anaemia (in severe)
Indirect effects:
- Human sucking lice are vectors of diseases such as:
*Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
*Louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis)
*Trench fever (Bartonella quintana)
95
Describe lice in large animals
Infested animals bite, scratch & rub themselves causes self trauma, damaging fences, trees & buildings
There are welfare & economic considerations
Damage to hide down grades value of leather
Weight loss, poor milk production & anaemia are likely if large numbers of lice involved
Large number of lice often seen in stressed, under-fed or unwell animals
96
Describe lice in small animals
Not common pest of companion animals, (rescue animals/unsanitary puppy or kitten farms)
More common in elderly animals, animals in very poor health or longhaired breeds that are unable to groom themselves.
97
Describe lice in birds
Lice aren't highly pathogenic to mature birds but may be fatal to chicks
Damage to skin may lead to secondary bacterial infections
Lice infestations can cause severe irritation, leading to:
- Restlessness
- Feather damage
- Feather plucking
- Cessation of feeding
- Death
Birds which have been beak trimmed & unable to groom properly or those in poor condition are more susceptible
98
Name some common UK lice
99
Describe sucking lice
100
Describe chewing lice
Active & can be seen moving through hair of host
101
How can lice be controlled
Lice & eggs can be found on host with careful examination.
Lice are spread by direct contact between animals
- Adults, nymphs & eggs can only survive few days off host
Lice spend whole lifecycle on host so control of lice is relatively uncomplicated
Points to consider when treating:
- Sucking or biting lice?
- Timing of treatment
- Treat all animals at one time
102
103
104
105
15x2 = 30mg
0.25g per 100ml = 250mg per 100ml
2.5mg per ml
12ml
24 pumps
106
107
Label the ear
108
Describe the external acoustic meatus
109
110
How do you assess pinnae
111
How do you assess entrance to external auditory meati
112
What abnormalities can you examine with an otoscope
113
What should you assess the tympanum for
114
Label the tympanic membrane
115
How do you prepare to examine cerumen/exudate for eatr mites
116
What position is this and describe it
Dorsoventral:
Patient placed in symmetrical sternal recumbency with head extended
Hard palate parallel to cassette
Usually necessary to raise cassette from table using pad or block
Good for comparison of bilateral structures like frontal sinuses, orbits, TMJs & ear structures
117
What position is this and describe it
Oblique lateral:
Helpful to obtain right & left sided recumbent views at similar degrees of obliquity for comparison
Patient lies in lateral recumbency with side of interest closer to table
Head rotated towards DV position for DV cranium, frontal sinus, maxilla & upper dental arcade
Towards VD for TMJ, tympanic bulla, mandible & lower dental arcade
118
What position is this and describe it
Rostrocaudal:
Used to skyline calvarium & frontal sinuses & evaluate foramen magnum
Degree of flexion depends on area to be examined
119
What are the 3 main radiographic views of ear and TMJ
120
What are the indications for radiography of tympanic bullae
121
Where should beam be centred for radiograph of skull in DV view
Over skull
ensuring it covers entire head from nose to back of skull
122
In an open mouth rostrocaudal view radiograph, what structures may obscure the tympanic bullae
teeth
salivary glands
soft tissues (tongue, soft palate etc.)
lingual tonsils
air in pharynx
positioning artifacts
123
In an open mouth rostrocaudal view radiograph of skull where do you centre the beam
midline of head, focusing on oral cavity
124
In an open mouth rostrocaudal view radiograph what practical considerations need to be made when performing this procedure
patient position
- dorsal recumbency & immobilised head/neck
mouth opening
head alignment
sedation
125
It isnt easy to obtain an open mouth view in cats. what alternative positioning can be used to obtain a symmetrical image of both bullae in this species
126
What changes on radiograph would you see in otitis media
soft tissue swelling
fluid accumulation
thickening of bulla walls
127
What changes on radiograph would you see in severe chronic otitis externa
128
What changes on radiograph would you see in neoplasia of ear
129
What is MRI better for and what is CT better for when examining ears
130
What color is fluid in a T1 and T2 weighed MRI image
131
Label the dog MRI
132
What changes can you see on the disease T1 MRI
What condition(s) is the diseased dog suffering from
thickening of right horizontal & vertical canal
abnormality of left middle ear
Right otitis externa and left otitis media
133
Label the structures on the CT of cat at level of middle ear
Which of these is present in cat but not dog
134
What abnormalities do you see on this CT, taken from a cat with ling term ear disease, affecting the right ear
135
List 2 functions of horns
Protection
Thermoregulation
136
Describe the procedure for disbudding 6 week old calves
137
What is the local innervation and blood supply of horns and why are these important considerations
138
How does the anatomy of horns differ to buds and how would this affect your dehorning technique
139
How does approach to disbudding goat kids differ to that from calves
more accessible horn buds
less complex horn structure
more sensitive to pain so pain management is critical consideration
performed at early age
140
Which animals grow antlers
cervidae family - deer, moose, reindeer, pronghorn, muntjac
141
Are antlers gender specific?
Yes only males grow antlers (female reindeer are exception but they are smaller)
142
Do antlers vary with age
143
Of what tissues are antlers composed
bone
cartilage
periosteum
velvet
144
Describe the development of antlers
145
How do antlers differ from horns
antlers are composed of bone and horns keratin
antlers regrow every year and horns grow continuously
antlers are branched and horns have consistent spiral like structure
antlers have highly vascularised velvet and horns have bony core with blood vessels and nerves
146
What is the relationship between skin and underlying velvet
147
Can an understanding of antler anatomy and physiology contribute to understanding organ regeneration
148
How can studying structure of antler help in future development of ITAP prostheses
149
Describe mites
Class Arachnida, which includes spiders, contains subclass called Acari which contains ticks & mites
Adult mites are <1mm, adult ticks are much larger
Adults have 8 legs & body is non-segmented, but often described as comprising 2 sections
150
Label the 2 sections of the mite
151
Describe mite lifecycle
Most mites are free-living, not parasites (might be herbivores, scavengers or predators) as parasites can affect many classes of animal
Mite infestation = acariasis
Severe acariasis = mange
Females lay only 10-15 eggs, but life cycle is only 1-4 weeks
Some parasitic mites eat skin debris & secretions, others bite & eat blood
Some live on surface and others burrow into skin
152
Name the mite & describe it
Psoroptes
lots of host-adapted strains
- Sheep (P. ovis)
- Cattle (P. ovis)
- Horses (P. equi)
- Rabbits (P. cuniculi)
Often very irritant, causing rubbing and trauma
- Esp. in winter
Sheep scab
- Severe, hypersensitivity and self trauma
- Economically very important
- Was a notifiable disease
Rabbit ear mites
- But can spread across body
153
Name the mite & describe it
Chorioptes
Chorioptes bovis
- Most common cause of mange in cattle and horses
- Esp. in winter
Irritant, causing rubbing but rare trauma
Localised infestations and therefore lesions
- Often lower legs of horses
- Often tail and perineum of cattle
Loss of production – but less severe than psoroptic mange
154
Name the mite & describe it
Ear mites in cats & dogs
Cause irritations & thick, red crusts in external ears of hosts
If untreated, infection may spread from outer to inner ear, with possible secondary bacterial & fungal infection
Extremely common often subclinical.
Clinical signs include head shaking, continual ear scratching & ear droop, pruritus is variable
Diagnosis - mites seen with otoscope or swab of characteristic black crusty wax in ear canals smeared on slide for examination
155
Name the mite & describe it
Cheyletiella
Largely free living, often predatory, mites – include some ‘dust mites’
Three parasitic spp
- C yasurgi (dogs)
- C blakei (cats)
- C parasitivorax (rabbits)
Cause scaling dermatitis and pruritus
- Usually mild, can be severe esp. in already ill animals
Mites walking amongst debris give rise to ‘walking dandruff’
156
Name the mite & describe it
Trombicula
Free living – only larvae are parasitic
Larve are bright red- orange, 0.2mm
Ground living so often found on legs, belly or face/head of grazers
Hypersensitivity to bites
- Pruritis, erythema, scratching
- Signs continue after mites have gone as fed mites drop to ground to moult to nymphs
157
Name the mites & describe them
Fur mites found on hairs rather than skin, some legs strongly adapted for clasping hair
Few clinical signs even with large infestation, more severe signs in rabbits if very heave infestation
Transmitted by direct contact with host, animal bedding, hair or debris
158
Name the mite & describe it
Dermanyssus gallinae
Major parasite of domestic fowls but also occurs on other birds
Dermanyssus mites live off bird & take blood mean at night, can bite humans
Causes loss of condition, drop in egg production & in severe infestations death due to anaemia.
159
Name the mite & describe it
Ornithonyssus
Blood feeder, primarily remains on host for entire life cycle. But…these mites can live off the host bird for 2 to 3 weeks
Grey-black on feathers
Matting and scabbing, especially around the vent
Reduced production, anaemia, occasionally death
May spread several infections?
160
Name the mite & describe it
Sarcopte scabei
1 species – host adapted strains – can be found in most mammals
- Can jump species
- Zoonotic
Highly contagious
Entire life cycle (17-21 days) is spent on the host
Intense pruritus probably due to hypersensitivity to mite faecal material
Diagnosis by deep skin scraping in 12+ affected sites
161
Name the mite & describe it
Trixacarus
Common in guinea pigs, burrows into skin, may produce intense pruritus, alopecia & dermatitis
Severely infected animals may show signs of secondary bacterial infection & stress
Diagnosis made by examining hair shafts or skin scrapings & identifying mite
162
Name the mite & describe it
Notoedres cati
Mainly in cats, burrows into skin, may produce pruritus, alopecia & dermatitis
Especially found on head and around ears
163
Name the mite & describe it
Knemidocoptes
Causes condition known as scaly face, scaly foot or tassel foot in birds
Found in all types of domestic and wild birds
Highly contagious
Inflammation and exudate that dries
Hyperkeratosis, lameness, deformities
Pruritis, scratching…
164
Name the mite & describe it
Demodex
0.1-.04mm living (head down) in hair follicles & sebaceous glands
Very host specific (usually)
Normal (commensal) in low numbers
- Some (many) people infested in Meibomian glands
Disease is most commonly seen in dogs
- One of most important skin diseases of dogs
- Often underlying disease
- Often secondary to staphylococcal pyoderma
- Can be localised or generalised
- Can be chronic and difficult to treat
165
Describe localised vs generalised Demodicosis
Localized Demodicosis - Commonly on face & forelegs in young animals
Generalized Demodicosis - More severe, widespread from onset, often underlying disease
Diagnosis by hair pluck – deep skin scrape
166
How can mites be controlled
Affected animals
- isoxazolines – eg fluralaner
- macrocyclic lactones
In-contact animals
- Treat if mite potentially contagious, even if asymptomatic
Environment
- Physical clean esp. for poultry mites +/- miticidal agent
167
What is the veterinary significance of mites
Direct effects:
- Direct epidermal damage – skin erythema, pruritus, scale formation, lichenification & crust formation
- Production of cutaneous hypersensitivity
- Loss of blood or other fluids
Indirect effects:
- Mechanical or biological transmission of pathogens
168
Direct & indirect effects of ticks
Direct:
- Inflammation at attachment site
- Anaemia
- ‘Tick paralysis’
Indirect:
- Biological vectors
* Protozoa
* Bacteria
* viruses
169
Describe tickborne fever
Anaplasma phagocytophilum – (a rickettsia)
Transstadial not transovarial
Fever, immunosuppression, occasional haemorrhagic syndrome
170
Describe tick pyaemia
In lambs, 2-12 weeks old, immunossupressed by anaplasmosis
Staphylococcus aureus introduced through bite wounds, umbilicus etc leads to abscesses anywhere, including joints
171
Describe lyme disease in humans
Borrelia spp (esp B. burgdorferi)
2,000-3,000 new cases of Lyme disease in England & Wales each year, 15% occur while people are abroad
Distinctive circular rash ‘bulls eye’ in people
Flu-like symptoms in early stages: fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, headaches, fever, chills & neck stiffness
More serious symptoms may develop several weeks, months or years later if Lyme disease left untreated
Arthritis, neurological signs, non-specific chronic syndrome
172
Describe lyme disease in dogs
90+% no signs
Rash (easy to miss)
Recurrent lameness, lack of appetite & depression
Rarely kidneys, heart or nervous system disease
Vaccine for use in dogs
173
Describe louping ill (infectious ovine encephalomyelitis)
Mainly causes disease in sheep & grouse in upland areas, can cause illness in people & other animals
- Closely related to tick borne encephalitis virus
Virus infects CNS, causes significant suffering in clinically affected animals
No statutory control measures, disease control is voluntary, includes use of acaricides & licensed inactivated vaccine against virus
174
Describe Babesiosis & theileriosis
Similar to protozoans that cause malaria & sleeping sickness
They parasitise red blood cells of vertebrates
Can be transmitted transovarially & transstadially in ticks
Cause:
- lymphadenopathy
- fever
- haemorrhages
- anorexia
- collapse
- pulmonary oedema
- dyspnoea
- death
175
Name different types of Babesia and what is causes
Babesia divergens spread by Ixodes ricinus, (causes disease in cattle, sometimes zoonotic)
Babesia bovis – spread by Rhipicephalus spp
Babesia canis spread by Dermacentor spp & Rhipicephalus spp
Babesia microti in rodents, sometimes zoonotic, transmitted by Ixodes spp
Cause pyrexia, severe haemolytic anaemia haemoglobinuria & potentially death of infected animals, known as red water fever in cattle.
176
Describe lifecycle of ticks
177
Label the tick
178
Describe how ticks feed
Chelicerae cut a hole in the skin
Hypostome enters hole & is held in by backwards facing teeth
Cement is produced by some ticks to hold mouthparts in place
Tick injects saliva (containing vasodilators, anticoagulant, immunosuppressive proteins, possibly neurotoxin & pathogens) & sucks up blood
179
What are ixodid vs argasid ticks
ixodid - hard
agrasid - soft
180
Describe nidicolous (endophilic) ticks
‘in nest’ – when not feeding, ticks stay in host’s nest/burrow
Most argasic ticks are nidiculous & have multiple nymph stages
181
Describe non-nidicolous (exophilic) ticks
When not feeding ticks are in open environment
May go ‘questing’ to find host, but most wait for host to pass by
Each stage in life cycle might have different host species (1,2 or 3 host ticks)
182
Describe argasidae
Vast majority of soft ticks are nest parasites, residing in burrows, caves, or nests
Often found in deserts (‘tampans’)
Swell when they take on blood meal, increasing anywhere from 5-10 x their unfed body weight
Argas persicus (fowl tick) can effect poultry & wild birds leading to anaemia, debilitation, loss of production & transmit Borrelia anserina or other pathogens
183
Describe Argasidae lifecycle
184
Describe Ixodidae ticks life cycle
185
Identify the ticks
186
How can Ixodid ticks be controlled
Mainly dips, sprays, pour-ons, collars, ear tags etc. to kill adults
Wear long trousers, boots & long-sleeved shirts
Remove ticks asap as most pathogens only transmitted after tick has been feeding for a while
Vaccination against tick borne infections
- Lyme disease in dogs
- Louping ill in sheep (and TBE in humans)
187
What is an ornate vs inornate tick
ornate has pattern (festoons) and inornate doesnt
188
name some common tick species
189
Define abrasion (wound)
Loss of epidermis and some dermis
- No surgical intervention required
- Blunt trauma/shearing
190
What kind of wound is this
abrasion
191
Define avulsion (wound)
Tearing of tissues from attachments
- on limbs - degloving injury
- often needs surgical intervention to close these wounds
- often caused by RTA
192
What kind of wound is this
Avulsion/laceration
193
What kind of wound is this
Avulsion/laceration
194
Define incision (wound)
created by sharp object
- minimal trauma
195
Define laceration (wound)
tearing of wound creating irregular defect
196
Define puncture (wound)
penetrating wound
- superficial damage may be minimal
- deep damage may be substantial
- bite wounds, stab wounds etc.
- big dog bites little dog = little damage, big dog shakes little dog = significant deep damage
197
What kind of wound is this
puncture
198
What is the subdermal plexus
Major network
- direct cutaneous artery
* directly supplies skin from skeletal artery
* damage to individual cutaneous artery makes patch of skin it supplies inviable
199
What must be maintained during surgery to avoid necrosis
subdermal plexus
200
Describe process of wound healing
201
Describe inflammatory phase of wound healing
202
Describe repair/proliferative phase of wound healing
1. fibroplasia
2. cessation of inflammatory phase
3. fibroblast migration
- produce proteoglycans, collagen & elastin
4. epithelialisation
5. once epithelial cells (pink layer) make contact in middle it causes epithelialisation to stop
203
Describe maturation/remodelling phase of wound healing
204
what are some systemic/general factors that affect wound healing
205
What are some local factors that affect wound healing negatively
206
What should you assess a wound for
207
Describe bacterial contamination of a wound
208
Describe factors that influence bacterial contamination
209
What are the goals of wound management
210
What are the principals of wound healing
211
Describe wound lavage (wound flushing)
212
What is surgical debridement
213
What is non-surgical debridement
214
describe wet-to-dry dressing
1. moisten sterile swabs with sterile isotonic
2. remove excess fluids
3. place directly onto wound
4. layer with dry sterile swabs
5. change daily until repair phase
debridement by osmosis (draws out all contaminated fluid)
215
What are advantages and disadvantages of secondary intention healing
215
What are wound closure techniques
215
What kind of drain is this
passive drain
215
What kind of drain is this
active drain
216
What are the indications for surgical drains
217
What are advantages and disadvantages of surgical drains
218
What should you never do with a penrose drain (passive)
219
describe active suction drains
220
Describe drain removal
221
What is vacuum assisted wound closure and what are the potential benefits
222
What phase of wound healing is this
223
What phase of wound healing is this
224
What phase of wound healing is this
225
What phase of wound healing is this
226
What phase of wound healing is this
227
What would you do initially with this patient (bite wound)?
How would you manage the wounds
228
What are the possible causes?
How would you investigate?
right: chronic elbow hygroma
left: squamous cell carcinoma
229
Why has this happened?
what could you have done to prevent it?
How can you manage this?
230
What are the possible causes?
How would you investigate this wound?
How would you manage this?
231
What are the possible causes?
How would you investigate this wound?
How would you treat this?
232
What is the problem with this wound?
What is the name of this?
How can we manage it?
233
seen: wound breakdown after mast cell tumour excision
What phase of wound healing?
What substance has been applied?
What are the benefits of this substance?
234
What is this dressing called?
What are the benefits of this dressing?
What are the options for final closure?
235
3 month history of an open wound
Possible causes?
Investigations?
Treatment?
236
What are the key differences between insects and arachnids?
237
What are the 2 main differences between soft & hard ticks
238
How many hosts can hard ticks have
239
Identify the different stages of ticks
240
What is questing?
241
Label the parts of the tick and state function of 1
242
What kind of tick is this and what are its features
Argas (soft tick)
Ventral mouth parts
243
What kind of tick is this and what are its features
Ixodes (hard tick)
Dorsal mouth parts
Anal groove anterior to anus
Palps are long and not triangular
Basis capituli rectangular
244
What kind of tick is this and what are its features
Haemaphysalis (hard tick)
Festoons present
Anal groove posterior to anus
Palps are short & triangular
Basis capituli rectangular
245
What kind of tick is this and what are its features
Ambyloma (hard tick)
Dorsal mouth parts
Anal groove posterior to anus
Palps are long and not triangular
Basis capituli rectangular
246
What kind of tick is this and what are its features
Rhipicephalus (hard tick)
Dorsal mouth parts
Festoons present
Anal groove posterior to anus
Palps short and not triangular
Basis Capituli hexagonal
247
What kind of tick is this and what are its features
Dermacentor (hard tick)
Dorsal mouth parts
Festoons present
Anal groove posterior to anus
Palps are short and not triangular
Basis capituli rectangular
248
Name stages 1-4 of mite lifecycle
249
Which genus of mite is only parasitic during stage 3 of its lifecycle
Chigger or larvae of family Trombiculidae
250
Which are burrowing mites
A & E
251
What test would you use to look for this mite
deep skin scraping
252
Which test would you use to find this mite
deep skin scraping
253
Which mite belongs to genus Demodex
E
254
This mite was found on a swab from the ear canal of a dog. which genus does is likely belong to
Otodectes
255
Which genus does this mite belong to
psoroptes
256
Which stage of development is this tick in and is it hard or soft?
257
Which ticks are members of Ixodes genus
B & C because U-shaped anal groove is arching anus anteriorly
258
Which ticks are soft ticks
B, D, E
259
How would you remove a tick from an animal
260
What lesions are seen?
What sample would you take and under which microscope objective would you view it?
alopecia
erythema
plaques
erosion
261
What lesions are seen?
What samples could you take? stained? microscope objective?
262
What lesions can you see
263
What sample would you take for assessment of whether microbial infection is involved and would you stain it?
264
What sample would you take to look for demodicosis and sarcoptic mange? and would you stain it?
265
What clinical findings can you see?
266
What sample would you take for assessment of whether microbial infection is involved and would you stain it?
267
What sample would you take to look for demodicosis? and would you stain it?
268
What lesions can you see?
269
What sample would you take to assess if hair loss is self-inflicted? and would you stain it?
270
What sample would you take for assessment of whether microbial infection is involved and would you stain it?
271
What lesions can you see?
272
What sample would you take for assessment of whether microbial infection is involved and would you stain it?
273
What sample would you take to look for demodectic or sarcoptic mange? and would you stain it?
274
Identify the circled cells from stained impression smear (x1000)
275
Identify
What is your diagnosis?
What should be done next?
276
This stained impression smear was taken from under crust & under rim of epidermal collarette
What structures can you see?
What is your diagnosis?
277
What structures can you see? what do we call this type of reaction?
278
What structures can you see? is this normal? (x1000)
279
What lesions can you see
Horse has sweet itch
Leah ENI
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