week 3 genetics and evolution

Question 1

the empirical science of how gene and wnvironemnts combine to generate behaviour

Answer 1

behavioural genetics

Question 2

adoption study

Answer 2

the behaviour genetic research method that involves comparisons of adopted children to their adopted and biological parent s

Question 3

identical twins are

Answer 3

monozygotic

Question 4

fraternal twins are

Answer 4

dizygotic

Question 5

quantitative genetics

Answer 5

a scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree of genetic and environmental similarity among organisms

Question 6

a process of sexual selection by which members of one sex comets with each other and the victors gain the woman

Answer 6

intrasexual competition

Question 7

intersexual selection

Answer 7

a process of sexual selection by which evolution occurs as a consequence of the mate preference of one sex excepting election pressure on members of the opposite sex

Question 8

what theory deals with th evolution of cognitive biases that lead to judgements and decision we make in situations of uncertainty

Answer 8

error management

Question 9

phenotype

Answer 9

the pattern of expression of the genotype or the magnitude or extent to which it is observably expressed. an observable characteristic or trait of an organisms. such as morphology development, biochemical or physiologically properties or behaviour

Question 10

the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence l. epidemic marks include covalent DNA modifications and postnatal histone modifications

Answer 10

epigenetics

Question 11

epigenome

Answer 11

highly dynamic, genome wide distribution of epidemic marks include covalent

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

the dna content of a cells nucleus whether a trait is externally observable or not

Question 13

DNA methylation

Answer 13

covalent modifications of mammalian dna occurring via the methylation of cytosine typically in the context of cpg dinucleotide

Question 14

enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to specific positions on histone tails, promoting an open chromatin state and transcriptional activation. HDACs remove these acetylene groups resulting in a closed chromatin state and transcriptional repression

Answer 14

histone acetyletransferases HATS and histone deacetylases

Question 15

histone modifications

Answer 15

posttranslational medications of the N terminal trails of histone proteins that serve as a major mode of epigenetic regulation. modifications include acetylation phosphorylation, methylation sumowtion, ubiquination, adp ribosylation

Question 16

Heritability is best defined as
A. The proportion of a trait caused by parenting style
B. The proportion of variation in a trait due to genetic differences in population
C. The percentage of a trait passed from parent to child exactly
d. A fixed number that applies to every individual

Answer 16

B

Question 17

Methods for studying nature vs nurture

Answer 17

Twin studies, longitudinal studies, adoption studies, cross sectional

Question 18

What happens in a twin study

Answer 18

Comparing fraternal vs identical twins

Question 19

What happens in adoption study

Answer 19

Compares adopted child to biological and adoptive parents

Question 20

Intrasexual selection involves
A. One sex choosing mates based in attractiveness
B. Competition within the same sex for mates
C. Random mating withoufnpreference
D natural selection only

Answer 20

B

Question 21

Intersexual selection is best described as mate choice based on traits that increase attractiveness

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Epigenetics refers to

A. Changes in Dna sequence that alter traits
B. Heritable changes in gene expression without changing the DNA sequence
C. Random mutations in genes
D. Protein transition errors

Answer 22

B

Question 23

Histone acetylation is generally associated with
A. Tightly packed chromatin and gene silencing
B loosely packed chromatin and increased transcription
C DNA methylation
D protein degradation

Answer 23

B

Question 24

DNA methylation usually occurs at

Answer 24

Cytosine bases in CpG islands

Question 25

DNA methylation typically leads to

Answer 25

Gene silencing or reduced expression

Question 26

Histone methylation can Only activate gene expression Only repress gene activity Either activate or repress gene expression depending on the residue

Answer 26

C

Question 27

Main enzyme responsible for methylation

Answer 27

DNA methyltransferases

Question 28

DNMT3A and DNMT3B are responsible for _______ and DNMT1 is responsible for_____

Answer 28

De novo methylation, maintenance methylation

Question 29

De novo methylation

Answer 29

Establishes new epigenetic patterns by adding a new methyl group to unmethylated DNA

Question 30

Histone _____ loosens chromatin and increases transcription

Answer 30

Acetylation

Question 31

Histone ________ can activate or repress transcription depending on residue

Answer 31

Methylation