week 4 learning

Question 1

when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience

Answer 1

perceptual learning

Question 2

when we acquire information without intent that we cannot easily express

Answer 2

implicit learning

Question 3

implicit learning and memory example

Answer 3

learning how to walk or ride a bike skills acquired without conscious effort

Question 4

implicit memory

Answer 4

procedural, long term memory, unconscious, conditioned response

does not require conscious effort to encode. happens without intent

Question 5

non associative learning and the types

Answer 5

when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behaviour
habituation
sensitization

Question 6

classical(pavlovian conditioning)

Answer 6

stimulus - stimulus
involuntary reflexive response, where a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus eliciting an involuntary response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
eg pavlov’s dog, the bell. the bell becomes conditioned after pairing it with the bell.

Question 7

instrumental conditioning (operant)

Answer 7

stimulus - response
the likelyhood of a voluntary behaviour is modified by the consequences that proceed it
-consequences (reinforcers or punishers) either cause behaviour to increase or to be reduced

Question 8

experts are better at learning information because

Answer 8

they are able to chunk information

Question 9

the pact of putting information into a. memory

Answer 9

encoding

Question 10

habituation and sensitization and a type of what learning

Answer 10

non associative learning

Question 11

when our response lessens with exposure eg getting annoying with a phone call it is called what

Answer 11

habituation

Question 12

when we develop an increased response to a stimulus with exposure(annoying phone call) it is called

Answer 12

sensitization

Question 13

when a dog rolls over to get a treat what conditioning is that

Answer 13

operant

Question 14

when a cat learns that the sound of janitors working in a restraint precedes the dumping of a delicious new garbage what is that

Answer 14

classical conditioning

Question 15

a form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily usually for the purpose of manipulation like math

Answer 15

working memory

Question 16

which type of learning is better in terms of being able to recognize information incidental learning or intentional

Answer 16

incidental learning

Question 18

learning without intention to learn

Answer 18

incidental

Question 19

learning that happens when motivated by intention

Answer 19

intentional learning

Question 20

metacognition

Answer 20

the knowledge and skills people have in monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory

Question 21

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 21

a principle that states that memory performance is superior when’s. test taps the same cognitive processes as the original encoding activity

Question 22

operant

Answer 22

a behaviour that is controlled by its consequences eg rat lever pressing

Question 23

punisher

Answer 23

a stimulus that decreases the strength of an operant behaviour when it is made a consequence of the behaviour

Question 24

difference between operant and pavlovian conditioning

Answer 24

classical - animal learns to associate a stimulus with an event. response is elicited and involuntary

operant - animal learns to associate behaviour with event. response is emitted and voluntary

Question 25

conditioned compensatory responses

Answer 25

a conditioned response that opposes rather than is the same as the unconditioned response. reduces the strength of the unconditioned response. when drugs are used in unconditioned stimuli

Question 26

decrease in th strength of a learned behaviour that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus or when behaviour is no longer reinforced.

Answer 26

extinction

Question 27

spontaneous recovery

Answer 27

recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction can occurs after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning

Question 28

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced. said to set the occasion for the operant response

Answer 28

discriminative stimulus

Question 29

quantitative law of effect

Answer 29

a meth rule that states the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviours. a reinforcer is less effective if there is alot of reinforcement in the environment for other behaviours

Question 30

reinforcer devaluation

Answer 30

the finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer of the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable ( rat don’t want sugar anymore bc they made the rat sick after giving sugar so it thinks sugar is bad and won’t press lever)

Question 31

learning that occurs by observation the reinforcement or punishment of another person

Answer 31

vicarious learning

Question 32

evaluations that relate what is happening in the environment to people’s values goals and beliefs. contend that emotions are caused by patterns of appraisals such as whether an event furthers or hinders a goal and whether an event can be coped with

Answer 32

appraisal theories

Question 33

function of interest

Answer 33

to engage people with things that are new odd and unfamiliar. instead of being afraid

Question 34

coping potential

Answer 34

people’s belief about their ability to handle challenges

Question 35

an approach to instruction that motivates active learning by having learners work through perplexing barriers such as confusion

Answer 35

impasse-driven learning