#4

Question 1

Are all NWM arboreal?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

OWM distribution

Answer 2

Africa and Asia

Question 3

what is social attraction?

Answer 3

individuals seeking out proximity to each other outside of environmental stimuli

(more than a response to predation, to localized food resources)

Question 4

What are some examples of social mammals?

Answer 4

Social carnivores, social canids, Pachyderms

Question 5

Social Mammal: Lions

Answer 5

• females have complex social relationships
• no dominance hierarchy
• strong between-group competition
• Cooperative hunting, raising of young and defense against male infanticide

Question 6

Social mammals: Spotted Hyenas

Answer 6

• social life similar to cercopithecines
• extensive coalitions between females (allies that they can rely on when in conflict)
• Despotic (strict) hierarchy among females
• strong dominance hierarchy (top ranking has highest reproductive success)
• between-group conflict (explains extensive coalition between females)

Question 7

Social Mammals: African Wild Dogs

Answer 7

• tightly bound social group led by dominant male and female
• communal pup raising and feeding (everyone plays a part in raising it)
• tight social bonds associated with spreading of diseases and decline of wild dog numbers

Question 8

Social Mammal: African Elephants

Answer 8

• female philopatric (females stay together for life)
• males live alone or in loose association
• matrilineal
• oldest female (highest rank, lead group)
• age matriarch is directly correlated with reproductive success

Question 9

what characteristics are unique to primates?

Answer 9

• differentiated within-group relationships (hierarchy)
• marked social boundaries
• kin-based social relationships (nepotism)
• use of allies and coalitions in some species

Question 10

What are 2 Key costs of group living?

Answer 10

1. Intra-group competition (within the group)

2. Increased vulnerability to infectious diseases

Question 11

What are benefits to group living?

Answer 11

1. Resource Defence Hypothesis
   - being in a group improves access to resources
   - Large VS small group advantage (larger the group size the more encounters you win)
2. Predation Defence Hypothesis
   -better protection from predators
   (A) Collective detection (more eyes and ears to detect)
   (B) Dilution effects (each individual has a less of a chance of being caught)
   (C) Deterrence
3. Mates are readily available
4. More eyes looking for food

Question 12

What is Resource Defence Hypothesis?

Answer 12

• Benefit to group living
• being in a group improves access to resources
• large VS small group advantage (larger the group size the more encounters you win)

Question 13

What is Predation Defence Hypothesis?

Answer 13

• Benefit to group living
  -better protection from predators
  (A) Collective detection (more eyes and ears to detect)
  (B) Dilution effects (each individual has a less of a chance of being caught)
  (C) Deterrence

Question 14

Resource Defence

Answer 14

large groups usually have better access to food patches

Question 15

Predation Defence

Answer 15

terrestrial primates tend to live in larger groups than arboreal ones
-some primate species adjust group size to the risk of predation

Question 16

What is male-biased Dispersal?

Answer 16

When the male leaves his natal group

Question 17

What is Female-biased dispersal?

Answer 17

when the female leaves her natal group

Question 18

Male-biased Dispersal

Answer 18

• males leave natal group
• females philopatric / remain in natal group
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE: matrilineal (female-bonded)

Question 19

Female-biased dispersal

Answer 19

• female leaves natal group
• males philopatric / remain in natal group
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE: patrilineal, (non-female bonded)

Question 20

Both sexes dispersal

Answer 20

• both sexes can leave the natal group
• neither sex is a resident in the natal group
• SOCIAL STRUCTURE: neither sex is bonded, (non-female bonded)

Question 21

what types of interactions show predominant/important relationships between primats?

Answer 21

Affiliation (grooming; sitting in proximity)

Agnostic Support (you help an ally in conflict, they help you)

Minimal Aggression (tolerance of proximity when feeding)

Question 22

What are Sociographs?

Answer 22

-used to show the direction and intensity of a social relationship

Question 23

What is a social system?

Answer 23

-the individuals that mate within a social system

Question 24

Social Organization

Answer 24

• Cohesive
• Fission-fusion
• Multi-level societies

Question 25

at is fission-fusion?

Answer 25

fission --> animals separate to feed fusion --> animals come back together to sleep

Question 26

Social System (Unit)

Answer 26

- solitary - pair-bonded --> living together - uni-female, multi-male - uni-male, multi-female OR multi-male multi-female

Question 27

Social Structure

Answer 27

- patrilineal, non-female bonded - matrilineal, female-bonded - non-female bonded, neither sex bonded (unrelated)

Question 28

Mating System (Unit)

Answer 28

Monogamous --> one male, one female Polygamous --> multi-male, multi-female Polyandrous --> uni-female, multi-male Polygynous --> one-male, multi-female

Question 29

Social System : Solitary

Answer 29

Social Structure: neither sex bonded; related females are overlapping ranges; adult male territory overlaps with one or more adult females Mating System: Polygyny (Dispersed) EXAMPLE: Orangutan

Question 30

Social System: Pair-Bonded

Answer 30

Social Structure: neither sex bonded (both dispersed / do not live together) Mating System: Monogamous (~25%); extra-group copulations (polygamous mating)

Question 31

Social System: Uni-female, Multi-male

Answer 31

Social Structure: (2 Scenarios) 1. neither sex bonded (both sexes disperse) 2. female-bonded Mating System: (2 Scenarios) 1. POLYANDRY (one female, multiple males) 2. COOPERATIVE POLYANDRY (closely related females, one reproduces and the others female help raise the offspring)

Question 32

Why don't subordinate females leave in cooperative polyandry?

Answer 32

1. Dispersal costs are HIGH - predation, lack of territory, unfamiliar food sources 2. Inclusive fitness: - helpers are related to the dominant female (by helping they improve their RS)

Question 33

Male Callitrichids

Answer 33

-high paternal investment and care

Question 34

Social System: Uni-male, Multi-female

Answer 34

Social Structure: neither sex or female bonded Mating Structure: Polygynous (males monopolize access to females and mate with many females); females mate with one male -intense sexual dimorphism

Question 35

Social system: Multi-Male, Multi-Female

Answer 35

Social Structure: female-bonded OR non-female bonded (neither sex bonded) Mating System: Polygamous (both sexes mate with 2 or more partners) EXAMPLE: Chimps, Savanna Baboons

Question 36

Cohesive Groups:

Answer 36

- Stay together all the time | - maintain visual and vocal contact with each other

Question 37

Fission-Fusion Groups

Answer 37

- Fluid structure - Animals feed in parties of differing composition or alone - Groups often fusions to sleep (they sleep together)

Question 38

Multi-Level Societies

Answer 38

- most complex type of social organization - 3 levels of organization 1. Basic Unit: Uni-male, Multi-female 2. The Band: 2-4 units that eat and sleep together 3. The Herd: Several bands make up a herd -- a temporary aggregation at a sleeping site or large foraging areas (can # in the hundreds)