AC Migration Case Study

Question 1

what AC case study for migration?

Answer 1

USA

Question 2

GDP per capita
GDI
Gini coefficient

Answer 2

$82,000 (over 5x global average)
0.9 (very high development)
0.42 (high in comparison to other HICs, with wealth highly concentrated at top)

Question 3

compare case study to…

Answer 3

• Brazil (EDC)
• Laos (LIDC)

Question 4

characteristics of immigrants

Answer 4

• dominated by young, economically active demographic
• not many small children (0-9)- less than 15,000 of each gender from Mexico, China, or India

Question 5

patterns of EMIGRATION and IMMIGRATION

Answer 5

• 44mil migrants in USA (13% population), mainly Mexico, then India + China
• rapid increase in 21st century but recent signs that increase is slowing
• decelerating Mexican influx + increased Asian immigration (esp. China + India)

Question 6

PULL FACTORS to USA

Answer 6

• positive migration policy (can obtain GREEN CARD and become permanent resident)
• EMPLOYMENT opportunities for low and high skilled
• WAGE DIFFERENTIALS
• EDUCATIONS and access to SERVICES (e.g. healthcare)

Question 7

migration policies

Answer 7

THE IMMIGRATION AND NATURALISATION ACT
* annual worldwide limit 675,000 permanent immigrants

based on:
* FAMILY REUNIFICATION (480,000 visas available/year for family members to join US residents)
* 140,000 visas for HIGHLY-SKILLED WORKERS
* protecting refugees
* promoting DIVERSITY (50,00 visas available for people from countries with low immigration to US- mainly African countries)
* humanitarian relief- TEMPORARY VISAS for relief from natural disasters/ ongoing conflict

Question 8

INDERDEPENDENCE with countries linked to the USA by migration

Answer 8

WORLD’S LARGEST BILATERAL MIGRANT CORRIDOR between USA and MEXICO
* 38mil Mexicans in USA, 700,000 Americans in Mexico- each country has its LARGEST DIASPORA living in the other (growing social + cultural connectivity)
* low-skilled Mexicans contribute to economy by working in AGRICULTURE + CONSTRUCTION- wages are much higher in USA; opportunity for MIGRABT REMITTANCES (US $63bil in 2023- 3.5% of Mexico’s GDP)
* BILATERAL TRADE between USA + Mexico has increase significantly since formation of NAFTA; Mexican industry has benefited e.g. IT sectors boosted mainly by FDI from USA (new employment opportunities etc.)
* political power relations remain unbalanced but increasingly co-operated on issues in common, such as border security, drug trade, and human trafficking

Question 9

OPPORTUNITIES created by USA international immigration

Answer 9

• immigrants take many low-paid jobs which are unattractive to native-born Americans (Mexicans main employment SERVICES (29%) and CONSTRUCTION + MANUFACTURING (26%))- provide significant contributions to GDP + US economic growth
• US aims to attract highly-skilled workers + professionals e.g. main employment from China + India is BUSINESS + SCIENCE
• most are young, working age groups (economic- contributing to TAX BASE

Question 10

CHALLENGES created by USA international immigration

Answer 10

• 10mil UNORTHORISED IMMIGRANTS in USA e.g. Latin American countries which use MEXICO as a TRANSIT COUNTRY
• uneven progress of INTEGRATION into US society as depends on factors like size + diversity of groups, language, and location
• where immigrant populations are particularly CONCENTRATED + NUMEROUS, supply of RESOURCES + SERVOCES is an issue e.g. demand for water supply (in Southern California