SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Question 1

what is SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Answer 1

the INEQUAL DISTRIBUTION of factors such as INCOME, EDUCATION, HEALTH, across a population

Question 2

QOL

Answer 2

extent to which peoples needs and desires are met
- do all people have equal rights?
- does everyone have access to HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION, LEISURE?
- are all opinions heard and respected?

Question 3

SOL

Answer 3

ability to ACCESS SERVICES
included basic needs like food, water, clothes, housing

Question 4

factors impacting QOL and SOL

Answer 4

PHYSICAL
- housing quality
- level of noise/ air pollution
ECONOMIC
- access to leisure, services, open spaces
- access to employment
POLITICAL
- opportunity to contribute to political decisions (ability to vote)
SOCIAL
- access to healthcare
- education standards
- % state benefits
- crime rates

Question 5

most significant factor influencing QOL + SOL

Answer 5

INCOME/ WEALTH
higher income allows more access to services and education

Question 6

why might high income not always increase QOL/ SOL?

Answer 6

• longer work hours (stress- health impacts)
• longer daily commute
• migration away from family/ friends
• pollution

Question 7

DEPRIVATION

Answer 7

when SOL + QOL are low
more than poverty: it is lack of resources + opportunities

Question 8

cycle of deprivation

Answer 8

poverty/ unemployment…
poor living conditions- overcrowding/ run-down…
ill health inc stress…
poor education…
poor skills…
(leading to unemployment)…

Question 9

Index of MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION (IMD)

Answer 9

UK gov uses this to assess relative levels of deprivation
- living conditions
- income
- employment
- education
- health
- access to housing + services

Question 10

income

Answer 10

measured by GINI COEFFICENT
measures how evenly distributed income is
0-1 scale
lower means more even

Question 11

housing

Answer 11

being able to afford good housing is directly linked to income
social inequality can be indicated by number people who are OWNER-OCCUPIERS and number people who RENT
complicated in LIDC’S where people live in SLUM SETTLEMENTS (can actually have organised systems of landlords and tenants)

Question 12

education

Answer 12

formal education
vs lack of quals
can be influenced by gender equality globally

Question 13

healthcare

Answer 13

closely related with social inequality
may impact life expectancy
access to clean water, sanitation, air quality etc

Question 14

employment

Answer 14

rural areas tend to have higher unemployment than urban areas
in LIDCs + EDCs millions work in INFORMAL SECTOR of economy
clearly influenced by location/ where people live

Question 15

HDI

Answer 15

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
3 indicators:
- GNI (gross national income)
- life expectancy
- education
scale between 1-0 (higher is more developed)

Question 16

why do SPATIAL PATTERNS of SOCIAL INEQUALITY vary?

Answer 16

• WEALTH: ability to access services + goods + education
• HOUSING: poor housing equality + overcrowding can cause HEALTH ISSUES (e.g. slums due to rapid urbanisation); affordability contributed to social inequality e.g. rise of HOMESLESSNESS in ACs e.g. people buying second homes in countryside villages, increasing house prices
• HEALTH: bad SOL or access to healthcare e.g. rural areas- more dispersed
• EDUCATION: maintains inequalities when limited access as cannot learn skills to get high-paying employment (e.g. in rural areas of LIDCs)
• ACCESS TO SERVICES: people in capital cities have high access to services as WEALTH + INVESTMENT are high, more peripheral/ rural regions may have less access
  higher incomes in ACs so better access than LIDCs

Question 17

key idea of SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Answer 17

process of ECONOMIC CHANGE can CREATE OPPORTUNITIES for some while CREATING + EXCABERBATING SOCIAL INEQUALITY for others
(depends on location/ level of development)

Question 18

BURGESS MODEL (urban model)

Answer 18

CBD, surrounded by inner city, then low-class residential, then high-class residential
- Derby has areas where this is met e.g. ALLESTREE and LITTLEOVER on the outskirts

Question 19

HOYT MODEL (urban model)

Answer 19

Derby has areas where this is met
e.g. industrial areas like A6 is opposite side of DUFFIELD

Question 20

what are the 2 urban models

Answer 20

• BURGESS MODEL
• HOYT MODEL