EDC Migration Case Study

Question 1

what is the EDC migration case study?

Answer 1

Brazil

Question 2

compare to which case studies?

Answer 2

UYSA (AC), Laos (LIDC)

Question 3

GDP/capita
HDI
context

Answer 3

US $10,000
0.78 (high level development)
7th largest economy in the world
experiences significant increase in GDP/capita as an emerging economy
employment: 70% services, 25% industry, 6% agriculture
declining birth rate, aging population

Question 4

patterns of EMIGRATION and IMMIGRATION

Answer 4

• NET MIGRATION LOSS
• increased migration between Brazil and neighbouring countries esp. MERCOSUR MEMBERS , also Chile, and Andean States
• less immigration of low-skilled workers to USA
• increased emigration of highly-skilled workers to Europe, USA, Japan
• influx immigrants from HAITI; increase from AFRICAN COUNTRIES using ECUADOR + CHILE as TRANSIT COUNTRIES
• increased international labour migrants attracted by opportunities in CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, of which GROWTH was catalysed by 2014 football world cup and 2016 Olympics)
• strong + continuing INTERNAL MIGRATION from northeast to cities in southeast

Question 5

CHANGES in immigration + emigration overtime

Answer 5

• net recipient of migrants late 19th-20th century; Europeans and Japanese attracted by work in agricultural and industry sectors
• immigration slowed last 20 years; 80,000 less migrants in Brazil than at start of century
• increased emigration; over 2mil Brazilians now live abroad (was 1mil in 2000)
• many Brazilians of Japanese descent, have strong cultural links, so have emigrated to Japan (pull factor of employment opportunities)

Question 6

economic, political, social, environmental INTERDEPENDENCE with countries connected to Brazil by migrant flows

Answer 6

• PORTUGAL: BILATERAL RELATIONSHIP- Brazil was former colony of Portugal and Portugal still gives special status to Brazilian immigrants. Portugal attracts ECONOMIC MIGRANTS as it is a GATEWAY TO THE EU; shared language and family ties means easy INTEGRATION. well developed DIASPORA in BITH COUNTRIES
• USA: thousands low-skilled economic migrants work in USA and provide MIGRANT REMITTANCES + RETURNING MIGRANTS (acquired skills + knowledge) can contribute to BRAZILLIAN DEVELOPMENT. USAID gives support to Brazil e.g. assisting Brazilian government design + implement laws about forest governance and sustainable forest management
• HAITI: National Immigration Council for Brazil enables Haitian immigrants to obtain visas relatively easily in Brazil, e.g. Haitians unable to recover from devastating EARTHQUAKE 2010 (DISPLACED 1.5.MIL)- lowers VULNERABILITY to TRAFFICKING NETWORKS
  many seek FAMILY REUNIFICATION in southeast Brazil- skilled jobs available in agriculture + factories in RIO GRANDE DO SUL + SANTE CANTARIA
  this is an example of recent SOUTH-SOUTH MIGRATION FLOWS (how flows have changed overtime)

Question 7

impacts of migration on Brazil’s ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Answer 7

• immigration from Europe (e.g. Portugal and Spain) caused increased GROWTH of AGRICULTURAL and MANUFACTURING SECTORS, increased HIGHLY-SKILLED PROFESSIONALS
• EMIGRATION to USA and Europe resulted in MIGRANT REMITTANCES (increased QOL/ GDP)- led to development at all scales (US $2.4bil/year- 0.1% of GDP)

Question 8

impacts of migration on Brazil’s POLITICAL STABILITY

Answer 8

• stable + democratic political system + leading member of the MERCOSUR (free-flow of trade, capital, labour migration) + one of BRICS group of emerging countries
• important RECEIVER of ENVIRONMENTAL + POLITICAL REFUGEES (as has STABLE GOV which accepts responsibility for the WELFARE + EMPLOYMENT of the refugees, by providing VISAS + WORK PERMITS)impacts of migration on Brazil’s ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Question 9

impacts of migration on Brazil’s SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Answer 9

• inequalities lie between different ethnic groups in HOUSING, ACCESS TO SERVICES, EDUCATION, INCOME
• SPATIAL PATTERNS OF INEQUALITY e.g. RURAL AREAS/ FAVELAS where the poor migrate
• PREJUDICE/ DISCRIMINATION in LABOUR MARKET against black/ indigenous migrants which impedes full economic, political, social development