structural economic change case study

Question 1

what case study for STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC CHANGE?

Answer 1

Birmingham e.g. Eastside zone developement, the Mailbox redevelopment, the convention quarter

Question 2

pre 1750s

Answer 2

agriculture (primary sector)
metal working e.g. blades, agricultural products
THRIVING MANUFACTURING BUSINESS
population growth from 1500- 23,000 between 1540 and 1730

Question 3

KEY PLAYERS pre 1750s

Answer 3

DE BIRMINGHAM FAMILY- purchased royal charter for market in 1166

Question 4

1750s-1900

Answer 4

became CENTRE OF BRITAINS INDUSTRY due to
* supplies of raw materials e.g. iron+ coal
* development of LOCAL CANAL NETWORK+ London- Birmingham RAILWAY (1838)
AIR POLLUTION INCREASE DUE TO INCREASED INDUSTRY (environmental impact)

population growth led to SURBURBANISATION so less green countryside (environmental impact)
growth of social+ public health problems due to poor housing+ sanitation

became known as ‘CITY OF A THOUSAND TRADES’ e.g. jewellery, brass, food processing (business specialised in products with HIGH SKILL LEVEL)

FINACE, BANKING, INSURANCE, + LEGAL FIRMS to support GROWTH OF INDUSTRY+ TRADE

Question 5

KEY PLAYERS in 1750s- 1900s

Answer 5

MATTHEW BOULTON- steam engine industry- employed 700 PEOPLE in ONE BUILDING

LLOYDS+ MIDLAND BANKS founded in Birmingham (baking, insurance, legal firms support growth of industry and trade)

JAMES BRIDLEY+ THOMAS TELFORD (development of canal network)

Question 6

1900- 1950

Answer 6

POPULATION INCREASE to 500,000 (internal+ migration e.g. Ireland+ Italy)
led to DENSELY POPULATED HOUSING in inner city+ POOR HOUSING QUALITY

car factories e.g. JAGUAR CARS, and vehicle components e.g. DUNLOPS TYRES
by 1960, Birmingham produced 2ND LARGEST NO. MOTOR VEHICLES OUTSIDE USA

war production- aircraft, tanks, gun ammunition
EMPLOYED 400,000 at peak of WWII

Question 7

KEY PLAYERS of 1900- 1950

Answer 7

Dunlop tyre company
jaguar cars

Question 8

mid 1960s

Answer 8

MANUFACTURING employed over 250,000 people
only 1% unemployed
one of highest wage averages in country

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS:
* polluted land sites+ canals+ rivers
* air pollution as no regulations on emissions

SOCIAL/ DEMOGRAPHIC IMAPACTS
* a lot of job opportunities- attracted young people; more YOUTHFUL AGE STRUCTURE than England’s avg. (38% <24 vs 31% avg.)

Question 9

1950- 1990

Answer 9

DECLINING MOTOR INDUSTRY in GB- reduced production at car factories e.g. JAGUAR
22.6% DECREASE in EMPLOYMENT
80% DECREASE in MANUFACTURING JOBS since 1960s (less than 56,000)
- DEINDUSTRIALISATION

GROWTH of FINANCE+ BUSINESS sectors

REGENERATION: inner city slum areas cleared+ large scale building by local authority (81,000 new buildings)

Question 10

KEY PLAYERS of 1950- 1990

Answer 10

• local authority/ city council- comprehensive redevelopment of inner city- many SME’s (small and medium sized enterprises) lost premises as could no longer afford rent
• not all areas developed, leaving derelict industrial sites / brownfield sites not developed (pollution etc.)- SOCIAL INQUALITY
• NEC (national exhibition centre) opened 1976- first stage in developing a post- manufacturing economy
• TNC’s- productions moved abroad to NIC’s - creates JOB LOSS, INCREASES GLOBAL TRADE

Question 11

1990-2005

Answer 11

CONVENTION QUATER including National Indoor Arena opened early 90s- aim to attract business tourism/ trade

2005: 72% DECREASE in MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT; 46% RISE in SERVICES SECTORS

GROWTH of TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES- inaccessible to local residents who do not have TRANSFERRABLE SKILLS

REGENERATION of CANAL SIDE (e.g. BRINDLEY PLACE/ GAS STREET BASIN)

promotion of city as REGIONAL CENTRE FOR COMMERCE/ destination for BUSINESS TOURISM (esp. city centre)

THE MAILBOX (opened 2000) - REDEVLOPMENT- of former royal mail sorting office:
open air pedestrian route through centre- shops (retail), hotels, restaurants (food). new housing/ apartments, BBC MIDLANDS STUDIOS (creates jobs in creative industries)
REDEVELOPMENT can lead to GENTRIFICATION e.g. raising house prices

Question 12

KEY PLAYERS 1990- 2005

Answer 12

• Birmingham City Council (development of ‘quarters’ as rebranding strategy to DIVERSIFY ECONOMY and ACCELERATE SERVICE EMPLOYMENT GROWTH)

Question 13

what is STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC CHANGE?

Answer 13

shift in way economy works (esp. DECREASE of MANUFACTURING (DEINDUSTRIALISATION) and INCREASE in SERVICES SECTOR

Question 14

the MULTIPLIER EFFECT

Answer 14

POSITIVE: investment leads to job creation, increased income, increased spending, further economic growth
NEGATIVE: deindustrialisation, unemployment, less spending, service decline, MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION
(CYCLE)

Question 15

what is SOCIAL INEQUALITY?

Answer 15

unequal distribution of services, goods, income etc.
e.g. redevelopment in regenerates areas like the canal, but remaining areas deprived like poor housing quality in inner city

Question 16

examples of GOVERNMENT POLICY/ TOP- DOWN SCHEMES contributing to SOCIAL INEQUALITY

Answer 16

EASTSIDE- REDUCING SOCIAL INEQUALITY:
urban regeneration in Eastside regeneration zone- supported by BIRMINGHAM CITY COUNCIL INVESTMENT (local government)
- created jobs, improved public transport, attracted businesses (e.g. STEM point), improves access to services esp. in deprives areas
HOWEVER, lead to GENTRIFICATION
ALSO, benefits NOT EVENLY DISTRIBUTED as surrounding areas (e.g. NECHELLS+ ASTON) remain highly deprived

BIRMINGHAM- REINFORCING SOCIAL INEQUALITY
GOVERNMENT AUSTERITY MEASURES created cuts to local council budget esp. in deprives areas
- reduction in services, particularly impacting LOW INCOME+ ETHNIC MINORITY COMMUNITIES- widening inequality gap

UK WIDE- SEEN IM BIRMINGHAM- CREATING SOCIAL INEQUALITY
deindustrialisation 1970s- 1990s; lack of investment after factory closures
- mass unemployment in trad. industries; poverty, decreased Q.O.L, poor housing (CREATING INEQUALITY in areas which were once INDUSTRIAL HUBS)

Question 17

What REGION is this?

Answer 17

WEST MIDLANDS