INTERNSHIP: CC > Analytical Methods > Flashcards

Analytical Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES

A

Low frequency
Microwaves
Infrared
Visible spectrum
Ultraviolet

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2
Q

EXAMPLES OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN CLINICAL LABORATORIES

APPROXIMATE WAVELENGTH

A

Low frequency - 1 cm
Microwaves: 3m-3mm
Infrared: 750 nm-0.3 cm
Visible spectrum: 400-750 nm
Ultraviolet: 4-400 m,

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3
Q

SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE

Radio frequency coil in ICP-mass spectrometer

A

Low frequency

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4
Q

SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE

Energy beam microwave used to accelerate tissue staining in histology prep processes

A

Microwaves

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5
Q

SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE

Heat lamp, laser

A

Infrared

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6
Q

SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE

General illumination and glare

A

Visible spectrum

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7
Q

SOURCE EQUIPMENT EXAMPLE

Germicidal lamps used in biological safety cabinet

A

Ultraviolet

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8
Q

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Engineered shielding and posted pacemaker warning

A

Low frequency

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9
Q

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Engineered shielding

A

Microwaves

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10
Q

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Containment and appropriate warning levels labels

A

Infrared

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11
Q

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Filters, diffusers, and nonreflective surfaces

A

Visible spectrum

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12
Q

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Eye snd skin protection; UV warning labels

A

Ultraviolet

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13
Q

Is used to check wavelength accuracy (wavelength calibration)

A

Didymium or Holmium oxide filter

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14
Q

Verified absorbance accuracy on linearity

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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15
Q

Is a measurement of light intensify in a narrower wavelength

A

Spectrophotometric measurement

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16
Q

Is the measurement of light intensity

A

Photometric measurement

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17
Q

It involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light absorbing substances in the solution

A

Spectrophometry

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18
Q

What law is used in spectrophotometry

A

Beer lambert’s law - Directly proportional

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19
Q

Simplest type of absorption spectrometer

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

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20
Q

Type of spectrophotometer:

Designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

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21
Q

Type of spectrophotometer:

Simultaneously measure the sample and the reference solution or the sample and the blank

A

Double beam spectrophotometer

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22
Q

Type of spectrophotometer:

An instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components- one beam passes through the sample and the other through a reference solution or blank

A

Double beam spectrophotometer

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23
Q

2 Kinds of Double-beam Spectrophotometer:

A

Double beam in space
Double beam in time

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24
Q

2 Kinds of Double-beam Spectrophotometer:

With 2 photodetectors for the sample beam and reference

A

Double beam in space

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25
2 Kinds of Double-beam Spectrophotometer: With one photodetector and alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvette and reference cuvette using a chopper or rotating sector mirror
Double beam in time
26
6 Basic Components of a single or double beam configuration spectrophotometer:
I. Stable source of radiant energy ii. Filter that isolates a specific region of the electromagnetic spectrum / Mono chromator ill. S a m p l e h o l d e r /cuverre iv. Radiation detector ] found in a single unit v . Signal processor vi. R e a d o u t device
27
Parts of the Spectrophotometer: Provides the polychromatic light, contains all wavelength ska WHITE LIGHT
High/Radiant Source
28
Parts of the Spectrophotometer: An intense beam of light is directed through the monochromator and the sample
Light/Radiant Source
29
Lamp/Light Source that emits radiation that changes in intensity very slowly as a function o f wavelength
Continuum source
30
Lamp/Light source that is widely used in the laboratory
Continuum source
31
commonly used light source in the visible and near infrared region.
Tungsten Light Bulb
32
Light source routinely used to provide UV radiation in analytic spectrophotometers
Deuterium lamp
33
Light source that produces a continuous source of radiation which covers both UV and visible range
Xenon Discharge lamp
34
2 Types of Lamp/Light Source:
Continuum Source Line Source
35
Examples of Continuum Source
Tungsten Light Bulb Deuterium Lamp Xenon Discharge Lamp
36
Light source that emits limited radiation and wavelengths
Line soure
37
Light source that emits limited radiation a few lines, widely used in atomic absorption (AAS), molecular and fluorescent spectroscopy
Line source
38
Light source of Light Amplification (LASER- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
Line source
39
Examples of line source
Mercury and sodium vapor lamps Hollow cathode lamps
40
The light source for atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Hollow cathode lamps
41
Factors for choosing a light source:
1. Range 2. Spectral distribution within the range 3. Source of radiant production 4. Stability of the radiant energy & temperature
42
It minimizes unwanted to stray light and prevents the entrance of scattered light into the monochromator system
Entrance slit
43
refers to any wavelength outside the band transmitted by the monochromator, it does not originate from the polychromatic light source
Stray light
44
limits the maximum absorbance that a spectrophotometer can achieve * is the most common cause of linearity at high analyte concentration
Stray light
45
It isolates specific or individual wavelengths of light.
Monochromator/Wavelength Selector
46
Kinds of Monochromators:
1. Prisms 2. Diffraction Gratings 3. Filters
47
Kinds of Monochromators: Utilized for spectrophotometric work
Prisms
48
Kinds of Monochromators: Are wedge shaped pieces of glass, quartz or sodium chloride
Prisms
49
Kinds of Monochromators: The most commonly used monochromator
Diffraction gratings
50
Kinds of Monochromators: Better resolution than prism
Diffraction Gratings
51
Kinds of Monochromators: M a d e by cutting grooves (parallel grooves) or slits into an aluminized surface of a flat piece of crown glass [wavelengths are bent as they pass a sharp corner]
Diffraction Gratings
52
Kinds of Monochromators: Used for photometry
Filters
53
Kinds of Monochromators: Simple, least expensive, not precise but useful
Filters
54
Kinds of Monochromators: Made by placing semi transparent silver films on both sides of a dielectric such a s magnesium fluoride.
Filters
55
Controls the width of the light beam (bandpass) - allows only a narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette.
Exit slit
56
is the total range of wavelengths transmitted.
Band pass
57
Also called the absorption cell/analytical cell/sample cell.
Cuvette
58
Holds the solution whose concentration is to be measured
Cuvette
59
Most commonly used cuvette
Alumna Silica Glass (350-2000 nm)
60
Kind of cuvette where it is used for measurement of solution requiring visible and UV spectra
Quartz/Plastic
61
Alkaline solutions should not be left standing in cuvettes for prolonged periods because alkali slowly dissolves glass producing
Etching
62
Also called signal processor
Photodetector
63
Detects and converts transmitted light to photoelectric energy.
Photodetector
64
Detects the amount of light that passes through the sample in the cuvette.
Photodetector
65
Kinds o f Photodetectors Simplest detector Least expensive Temperature sensitive Used for detecting and measuring radiation in the visible region
Barrier layer cell/Photocell/Photovoltaic cell
66
Kinds o f Photodetectors Composed of selenium on a plate of iron covered with transparent layer of silver
Barrier layer cell/Photocell/Photovoltaic cell
67
Kinds o f Photodetectors Contains cathode and anode enclosed in a glass case
Phototube
68
Kinds o f Photodetectors Has a photosensitive material that gives off electrons when light energy strikes it
Phototube
69
Kinds o f Photodetectors Most commonly used detector - measures visible & UV regions
Photomultiplier tube
70
Kinds o f Photodetectors Should NOT be exposed to room light otherwise it will burn out.
Photomultiplier tube
71
Kinds o f Photodetectors not as sensitive as PMT but with excellent linearity. Detects less amount of light Most useful as a simultaneous multichannel detector.
Photodiode
72
Displays the output of the detection system.
Meter or Readout Device
73
tates that the concentration of the unknown substance is directly proportional to the absorbed light (absorbance or optical density) and inversely proportional to the amount of transmitted light (% transmittance)
Beer’s Law
74
establishes the relationship between concentration and absorbance.
Beer’s Law
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