INTERNSHIP: CC > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary source of fuel, provide stability to cell membranes and allow for transmembrane transport

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Lipid is insoluble in ____ but soluble in ____ (chloroform, ether)

A

Insoluble in water
Soluble in organic solvents

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3
Q

Major lipids arranged according to abundance

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Fatty acid
Fat soluble vitamins

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4
Q

Phospholipids are the Most abundant forms derived from ______

A

Phosphatidic acid

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5
Q

Phospholipids are _____, which means they contain polar hydrophilic (water- loving) head groups and nonpolar hydrophobic (water loving) fatty acid side chains

A

Amphipathic

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6
Q

Formed by conjugation of two fatty acids and a phosphorylated glycerol =amphiphatic liquid

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

RV of Phospholipids

A

150-380 mg/dL

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8
Q

Forms of phospholipids

A

Lecithin/Phosphatidyl choline - 70%
Sphingomyelin - 20%
Cephalin - 10%
> phosphatidyl ethanolamine
> phosphatidyl serine
> lysolecithin + inositol phosphatide

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9
Q

Unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings with 1 C-H side chain tail similar to fatty acid

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

Found on the surface of lipid layers and regulates fluidity of lipid bilayers

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

Cholesterol is synthesized by the ____ and almost exclusively synthesized by animals

A

Liver

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12
Q

Not catabolized by most cells. - not a source of energy

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

Cholesterol should be measured in all adults _____ or at least once every _____

A

20 yo older
5 years

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14
Q

Important in the assembly of cell membranes, bile acids, and steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Cholesterol evaluates risk for

A

Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Coronary arterial occlusion

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16
Q

2 sources of cholesterol

A

Exogenous - diet (15%)
Endogenous - liver (85%)

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17
Q

5 classes of steroids that is precursor to cholesterol

A

Progestins
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens
Estrogens

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18
Q

2 forms of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol ester - 70%
Free cholesterol - 30%

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19
Q

Cholesterol bound to fatty acids and is found in plasma and serum

A

Cholesterol ester - 70%

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20
Q

In Cholesterol ester, ____ is found in the center of lipid drops and lipoproteins (along with TG)

A

Neutral lipid

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21
Q

Cholesterol ester is esterified by

A

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

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22
Q

Activated by Apo A1 and enables HDL to accumulate cholesterol as cholesterol esters by promoting transfer of fatty acids from lecithin to cholesterol

A

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyl Transferase (LCAT)

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23
Q

Excess cholesterol is re-esterified by the Microsomal enzyme _______ and stored until needed

A

acyl cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT)

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24
Q

Form of cholesterol that is unesterified and amphipathic

A

Free cholesterol

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25
Polar nonesterified alcohol found in plasma, serum, and RBCs
Free cholesterol
26
Produced by lysosomal hydrolysis and becomes available for membrane, hormone and bile acid synthesis
Free cholesterol
27
In chemical methods in cholesterol measurement, it is incubated at
RT for 20 mins, at 37C for 10 mins
28
chemical methods in cholesterol measurement
Salkowski reaction Liebermann-Burchardt
29
End product of Salkowski reaction
Cholestadienyl Disulfonic Acid (RED)
30
End product of Liebermann-Burchardt
Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic Acid (GREEN)
31
Color developer of Liebermann-Burchardt
Glacial acetic acid Acetic anhydride Concentrated sulfuric acid
32
One step method
Pearson, Stern, McGavack Colorimetry
33
Two step method
Bloors Extraction + Colorimetry
34
In two step method, it is measured using
Liebermann-Burchardt
35
Three step method
Abell-Kendall Saponification + Extraction + Colorimetry Color: Bluish-green
36
Cholesterol saponified/hydrolyzed with alcoholic KOH
THREE STEP METHOD
37
Extracted with petroleum jelly
THREE STEP METHOD
38
Three step method is measured using
Liebermann-Burchardt
39
FOUR STEP METHOD
Schoenheimer-Perry Saponification + Extraction + Colorimetry + Precipitation
40
Most common method of quantifying the cholesterol oxidase reaction is to measure the amount of hydrogen peroxide produced
ENZYMATIC METHOD
41
ENZYMATIC METHOD in cholesterol measurement: reaction
H202 + phenol + 4-aminoantipyrine -peroxidase → quinoneimine dye
42
ENZYMATIC METHOD in cholesterol measurement interferences
Ascorbic acid Bilirubin Turbidity Hemolyzed
43
CDC REFERENCE METHOD in cholesterol measurement
ABELL, LEVY & BRODIE METHOD
44
Hydrolysis/saponification with alcoholic KOH and hexane extraction
ABELL, LEVY & BRODIE METHOD
45
CURRENT REFERENCE METHOD for cholesterol measurement
GC-MS
46
GOLD STANDARD for cholesterol measurement
IDMS
47
Main storage lipid in man (95%9
TRIGLYCERIDE
48
TAG is Resynthesized in the intestinal epithelial cells after absorption then combines with cholesterol and _____ to form chylomicrons
Apo-B48
49
TAG contains how many molecules of fatty acids and glycerol
3 molecules of fatty acids 1 molecule of glycerol
50
Most important lipids in the management of CAD
TAG and Cholesterol
51
Effect of TAG levels on patient serum: < 200 mg/dL TAG > 300 mg/dL TAG > 600 mg/dL TAG
< 200 mg/dL TAG = clear serum > 300 mg/dL TAG = turbid serum > 600 mg/dL TAG = opaque or milky serum
52
LABORATORY METHODS: TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT Chemical methods
Van Handel & Zikversmith (Colorimetric) Hantzsch Condensation (Fluorometric)
53
LABORATORY METHODS: TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT Chemical methods : REFERENCE METHOD
Van Handel & Zikversmith (Colorimetric)
54
Major interference in enzymatic method for TAG measurement
Glycerol
55
LABORATORY METHODS: TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT ENZYMATIC METHODS
Glycerol kinase method
56
Involves hydrolysis of TAG to FA and glycerol followed by phosphorylation of glycerol to glycerophosphate
Glycerol kinase method
57
In Glycerol kinase method, disappearance of NADH is measured at
340 nm
58
Glycerol kinase method enzymes
Lipase Glycerol kinase LOH Pyruvate kinase Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase Diaphorase
59
CURRENT REFERENCE METHOD for TAG measurement
GC-MS
60
REFERENCE METHOD for TAG measurement
Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith
61
Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith
Glycerol + sodium periodate → Formaldehyde (HCHO) + formic acid HCHO + Chromotropic acid → (+) PINK colored compound COLORED COMPOUND
62
CDC TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS Normal Borderline High Very high
Normal = < 1 5 0 mg/dL Borderline = 150 - 199 mg/dL High = 200 - 499 mg/dL Very high= ≥ 500 mg/dL
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