1
Q
What are the four stages of attachment
A
Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple
2
Q
Asocial Stage
A
0-2 months infants shows similar repose to objects and people
3
Q
Indiscriminate stage
A
2-6 months infants shows similar shows a preference to human company over non human Can distinguish between different people, but is comforted by anyone
4
Q
Specific Attachment
A
7-12 months shows a preference for one particular perosn Has separations and stranger anxiety Has formed a specific attachment to one primary attachment figure and is only comforted by them 65% mothers
5
Q
Multiple Attachments
A
1 year +attachment behavoir now displayed to several people
6
Q
Schafer and Emerson
A
60 babies in Glasgow from WC families Reserchers visited babies in houses every month till 12 months and once more at 18 months Interviews the mothers on kind of protests babies shows in 7 every day scenarios Observed separation and stranger anxiety
7
Q
Schafer and Emerson findings
A
found support for some of the different stages of development 50% shows separations anxiety from their mother at 25-32 weeks
8
Q
Stages of Attachment AO3: Point One
Scientific bases
A
problems with obersving babies Cant interview them Have to make inferences Interviewing the Mothers Social desirability bias: wanting to rotary their babies in the best light
9
Q
Stages of Attachment AO3: Point Two
Issues and Debates
A
collectivist culture:Multiple attachments from an early ages The research is therfore less generalisable
10
Q
Stages of Attachment AO3: Point Three
RWA
A
practicle application in daycare Asocial Stage: daycare with an unknow adult is early Starting daycare can be hard during the Specific stages
11
Q
Animal Studies: Lorenz
Aim
A
Meaning the phenomena of imprinting on animals
12
Q
Animal Studies: Lorenz
Method
A
radomlly divided goose eggs into two groups ControlExperiment: Lorenz was the first larg moment object they saw Marked the control group Put all under a box and opened it, the experiment all follow L and the mother
13
Q
Animal Studies: Lorenz
Findings
A
Put all under a box and opened it, the experiment all follow L and the mother Imprinting accursed 4-25 hrs after hatching
14
Q
Animal Studies: Lorenz
Conc
A
imprinting is a form of attachment seen in birds
15
Q
Animal Studies: Harlow
Aim
A
examine extent contact conform and food influences behavoiur in baby monkeys
16
Q
Animal Studies: Harlow
Method
A
to surrogate mothers:
- Wire
- Cloth
Place 16 baby monkeys, removed form their mothers at birth in groups with the two mothers
Condition one: wire + food, cloth Condition 2: cloth and food, wire
Recorded how long the monkey spends with the differnt mothers
Made a large sound to test reaction
17
Q
Animal Studies: Harlow
Findinings
A
spent most of time w CM, regardless if it had food Food: sought out cloth mothers Ince grown: more aggressive and less able with own children r
18
Q
Animal Studies: Harlow
Conc
A
baby monkeys have innate desire to seek comfort over food Contact comfort lead to increased willingness to ec
19
Q
Attachment definition
A
A two way emotional bond between two individual which takes a few months to develop
It is reciprocal and lasts over time
20
Q
Three ways to recognise attachment
A
proximity Separations distress Secure base behaviour
21
Q
Reciprocity
A
- Each person responds to the other, eliciting a response from them turn taking
- Involves paying close attention to the others signals and facial expressions
22
Q
who described reciprocity as a dance
A
Brazelton et al
23
Q
Tronik
A
still face experiment The child become distressed when the mother does not respond to them Becomes distressed when there is no reciprocity
24
Q
Feldman and Reciprocity
A
found from three months, reciprocity increases in frequency Suggests being responsive to infants behavoir lays strong foundations for Attchment
25
Alter Phase or Active Role
babies have an alter phase where they signal with social releasers that they are going to react eg eye contact
26
Interactional synchrony
when babies mirror their caregivers actions or emotions Mutually rewarding and the infant and carer are ‘in tune’ with each other
27
Meltzoff and Moore
aimed to examine interactional synchrony Adult displayed three facial expressions Babies repose where filmed Findings: interactional synchrony babies as young as 2 weeks old
28
Caregiver Infant Interactions AO3: Point One
Scientific bases
- Difficult to observe babies their behaviour is effected by the time of day, tiredness, hunger etc
- Therfore the babies behavoir may not be typical during observations
- Observer Bias: interpreting the behavoir to support their findings
- Babies can’t self report
- This all decreases the validity of the research
29
Caregiver Infant Interactions AO3: Point Two
Partial Support for Interactional Synchrony
Isabelle:found higher levels of synchrony with better quality mother / baby bonds
May mean I.S only applies to securely attached infants
Meltzoff and Moore may have disregarded individual differences
30
Caregiver Infant Interactions AO3: Point Three
Application
Isabella’s findings encourage mothers to spend mor time with their child from an early age
This is socially sensitive there is pressure on mothers not to return form work Ignores the role of the father
31
RoF: Schaffer and Emerson
- by 7 months majority of infant are attached to mother, 3% father
- Attachment to father usually occurs at 18 months with other attachments
32
RoF: disagreement over the exact role
Hormonally not equipped (oestrogen) -> hard to form close attachment Playmate instead of a care giver Can form string emotional bond
33
RoF: Feldman
- found mother and father have the same oxytocin level after the birth of child
- Mum has increased amygdala activation after the birth than dads
- However, the primary caregiver of gay male relationships have the same amygdala activation
34
RoF: AO3 Point One
Research Evidence
Geiger:
- fathers play interactions are more exiting than mothers, which are more affectionate
- Role of the father is as a playmate
- Back up with the lack of oestrogen
Feldman:
- same amygdala activation
35
RoF: AO3 Point Two
Social Sensitivity
Hrdy:
- women are better at detecting stress
- May make then feel pressured not to go back to work
MacCallum and Golombok:
- Kids in single parent or same sex families develop no differently
36
RoF: AO3 Point Three
RWA
give advice to parents Mother can go back to works Assure same sex families -> MC and G
37
Animal Studies: Lorenz
Aim: examine the phenomenon of imprinting in animals
Method:
- random split eggs
- Lorenz the first large moving object experiment group see
Findings:
- when put under box and uncovered, the experimental group followed Lorenz
38
Animal Studies: Lorenz Findings
- imprinting is an innate attachment seen in animals
39
Animal Studies: Harlow’ Monkey
Aim: contact comfort
Methods:
- 2 surrogate mothers (wire and cloth)
- 16 baby rhesus monkeys taken at brith
- two conditions, wire and food, cloth and food
- recorded how long each monkey spent with differnt mothers
- made large sound, and saw how they reacted
40
Animal Studies: Harlow Finings and Conclusion
- spent most time with Cloth mothers, regardless if it had food or not
- frightened: spent time with cloth mother
- once grown: more aggressive, less social skills and sometimes killed own young
Conclusion: baby monkey shave an innate desire to seek comfort over food, contact comfort leads to more williningless to explore
41
Animal Studies: AO3 Lorenz Point One: Wider Implications
- influenced others wor on attachment, like Bowlby’s critical period and maternal deprivation
42
Animal Studies: AO3 Lorenz Point Two: Scientific Basis
- difficult to general is to humans
- lacks EV
43
Animal Studies: AO3 Lorenz Point Three: Reseach evidence
Guiton:
- chicks could imprint on yellow gloves, and even try to mate with them
- disagrees that imprinting is irrevaerbaible, as the chicks learnt to imprint on others
44
Animal Studies: AO3 Harlow Point One: RWA
- insight into attachment, helped social workers and abuse cases
- care of monkeys with having adequate care
45
Animal Studies: AO3 Harlow Point Two: Other Support
Bowlby: children with no attachment suffer negative consequences
46
Animal Studies: AO3 Harlow Point Three: Scientific Basis
- cant generalise from onsets to people
- but they are more similar than geese
- lacks EV
47
Learning Theory: what
behaviourist idea suggesting infants can learn to become attachment to primary caregivers through classical or operate conditoning
48
Learning Theory: Classical Condintions
- association between food and caregiver
- caregiver: NS
- Food: US
- Pleasure: UR
49
Learning Theory: Operant
- attachment is learned when primary caregiver reduces crying through feeding (negative reinforcement for PCG)
- baby becomes attached by pleasure attained through food (positive reinforcement for baby)
50
Learning Theory: Secondary Drive
- Hunger is a primary drive, and food is a primary reinforcers
- attachment is a secondary drive, and the PCG can provide the primary reinforcer.
51
Learning Theory: AO3 Point One: Reseach Evidence
Animal studies: (against)
- Harlow: comfort over food
- Geese no food involved
Schaffer and Emerson:
- less than half of infants had primary attachments to the perosn that usefully feeds them
52
Learning Theory: AO3 Point Two: Wider Application
- Scientific approach as it is founded in established theory
- increases the validity of its claims
However:
- other factors are importantly, bowlby woudl say evolution and safety
53
Learning Theory: AO3 Point Three: Other
- Learning theory is reductionist, and says the baby as having a passive role
- tronik: get upset at still face -> active role
54
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: monotropy
- special form of atttachment to a primary attachment figure
- if no mother, can form with adult called mother substitute
55
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: Monotropy Two Priciples
- Law of continuity: more constant and predicable care = better quality of attachment
- law of accumulated separation: effects of every separation form mother add up
56
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: Social Releasers
- inborn social relseasers which make innate tendency in adults to care for babies
- attachment is reciprocal: both mother and a baby are hard wired to attach
- eg ‘baby face’, being cute, crying, smiling
57
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: Critical Period
- around 6 months where infants atttachment system is active
- later changed to the sensitive period (2 years)
- hard to attach outside
58
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: Internal Working Model
- through Monotropic attachment, an internal model is formed
- template for future development
- string attachment = healthy relationships
59
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: AO3 Point One: Reseach Support
Animal Studies:
- Lorenz: Critical Period
- Harlow: Support inate
Schaffer and Emerson:
- 27% form specific attachment to mother sna fathers
- Show B was wrong in placing that much importance on PAF
60
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: AO3 Point Two: Social Sensitivity
- laws suggests mothers cant go back to work, as it effect babies devlopment
- femanist: mothers take blame for anything that goes wrong
61
Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory: AO3 Point Three: Learning Theory
- B rejects LT as it suggets babies can attachment to anyone that feeds them
Kegan: Temperment hypo-thesis
- innate personalities influence how the mother attaches to them
62
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: Behavours used to judge attachment
- exploration and secure base
- separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
63
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: Secure Type B
- 60-75%
- happy to explore and use CG as secure base
- moderate SA
- Reunion: seek proxinity and easily comforted
64
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: Inseccure Type A (avoident)
- 20-35%
- explore and not return
- low separation and stranger anxiety
- reunion: little reaction
- doesn’t seek proximity
65
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: Insecure Type C (resistant)
- 3%
- doesn’t not explore, clingy
- high separation and stranger anxiety
- not easily comforted
- reunion: rejects comfort
66
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: Strange Situation
- controlled observation
- infants 9-18 months
- 7 episodes: Caregiver leaving and at rager comming in (stranger and separation anxiety)
67
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: AO3 Point One: Cultural Bias
- Takashi: Japanese mothers rarely separate from their infants leading to high separation anxiety
- Germany: type A is seen as independent, nto insecure
- imposed Etic: taking UK/USA and imposing on others
68
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: AO3 Point Two: Scientific Basis
high validity:
- controlled
- lab
- pre-determined bahvoir category’s
- video recorded: inert rater reliability
However: difficulties in observing babies -> lacks EV -> behavours not reflecting real like
69
Ainsworth’s Types of Attachment: AO3 Point Three: Nomothetic
- puts babies in three categories
- later Reseach suggests cant a fit into that category
Main and Solomon:
- analysed several hundred SS
- sounded inconsistent patters in some infants
- type B, insecure disorganised
70
Stranger Situation, Cultural Variations: Ijzendoorn and Kroonberg Method
- meta analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries in the SS
- wanted to find cultural variation in attachment propitious
71
Stranger Situation, Cultural Variations: 6 Key Findings
1. 6/8 counties proportionally consistent with Ainsworth’s
2. Secure attachment was most common, with flux in proportions (uk 75%, china 50%)
3. Japan and Israel shows higher rates of insecure reisstent
4. German showed higher levels of insecure avoidant
5. Variations within counties were 150% greater than cross cultural
6. Modest cross- cultural were reflections os the mass media’s notion of parenthood
72
Stranger Situation, Cultural Variations: conclusion
- secure attachment is the norm in a rename of cultures, supporting B’s idea innate
- adds wight to secure beign optimal
- shows cultures effect attachment types
73
Stranger Situation, Cultural Variations: AO3 Point One: Research Support
The Efe tribe:
- live in extended family group -> kids sometime breast fed by other women
- infants tend to sleep with their own mothers and shows preference to PCG at 6 months
- supports SA as common
74
Stranger Situation, Cultural Variations: AO3 Point Two: Issues and Debates
- 27/32 studies in ment analysis were individualist
- results are still biased
- cant be generalised, low pop val even through large sample
75
Stranger Situation, Cultural Variations: AO3 Point Three: Cultural Bias
- SS: metrology made in US, results culturally bias
- using the SS imposed etic
- eg japan: kids not separated from mother, increases reisstent may be due to shock at being separates
76
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: Theory
- when separation from baby and mother during critical period there is serious consequences
- continual precence and care from mother is essential for normal emotional and intellectual development
77
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: Effects of Maternal Deprivation
- intellectual: delayed intellectual development and abnormally low IQ
- emotional: emotionless psychopathy -> cant from normal relationships
78
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: 44 juvenile Theives
Method:
- case study teens in London
- 44 crims and 44 not
- interview child and family
- gathered data on IQ
- emotional Assesment made separately by social worker
79
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: 44 ciminals results
- 14/44 affectionless psychopaths
- 12/14 experienced prolonged deprivations
80
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: AO3 Point RWA
’a two year old goes to hospital’
- photo documentation of a child’s distress during an 8 day hostpital stay: calling out for mother
- goes against behavioural theory: only food
- family centred hospital care
81
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: AO3 Point Two: Reseach evidence
Lewis:
- replicate with no link found -> other factors at play -> Barrett: Secure Attach less likely to be affected
Goldfarb:
- 2 groups of orphans, foster care and orphan
- F: IQ of 96
- O: IQ 68
- confounding variable of trauma
82
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation: AO3 Point Three: Scientific Basis
- reseaher bias: interviews himself
- correlation findings: cause or correlation
Rutter: Priavtion
- argues B mistakes deprivation with priavtion (not making an attachment)
83
Effects of Institutionalisation: Rutter’s ERA procedure
- experimental group: 165 Romanian children from orphanage who ere adopted by UK fam (before 6 months, between 6-24, after 24)
- controll group: 52 British adopted at 6 months
- social, cognitive and physical development if infants examined at regular intervals -> interviews by parents and teachers
84
Effects of Institutionalisation: Rutter’s ERA Results
Romanian Orphans:
- delayed development of social, cog, and physical
- pshycially samller and intellectual delayed
- almost all Romanian adopted before 6 months caught up
85
Effects of Institutionalisation: Rutter’s ERA Results mean IQ
- before 6 months: 102
- between 6-24: 86
- after 24: 77
86
Effects of Institutionalisation: Rutter’s ERA results adopted after 6 moths
- disinhibited attachment dissorder: attention seeking and clingyness
- diffuculty making relationships
- Deficite in social, cognitive, physical development
87
Effects of Institutionalisation: Rutter’s ERA Conclusion
- institutionalisation has severe long erm effects on develpent, can be countered if child has chance to form attachment
88
Effects of Institutionalisation: Zeanan et al: Bucharest Early Intervention Sample
- experimental group: 95 Romanian children ages 12-31 months who spent most of their life institutionilisated
- control: 50 Romanian children no inti
89
Effects of Institutionalisation: Zeanan et al: Bucharest Early Intervention Menthod
- attachment Stranger Situation tested
- careers: asked abt kids behaviour, clingy, attention seeking
90
Effects of Institutionalisation: Zeanan et al: Bucharest Early Intervention Results
Control: 74% SA, less than 20% disinhibited
Experiment: 19% secure, 44% dis
91
Effects of Institutionalisation: Zeanan et al: Bucharest Early Intervention Conc
- infants who spend early life institutions less likely to develop SA
92
Effects of Institutionalisation: Overall Effects
- Disinhibted attachment (no discrim between people they know and strangers, Rutter: multiple care givers)
- Intellectual Disablity: (kings collage: Brain scans, 86% smaller than uk adoptees)
- Physical Development (deprivation dwarfism)
- Poor Parenting (study found more children were put in care from mother in care)
93
Effects of Institutionalisation: AO3 Point One: validity
- longtidutonal study: valid representation of effects
- confounding variable (little mental stimulation, malnourished. -> other risk factors)
- generalisability: dire condiotns aren’t typical in care, lacks EV
94
Effects of Institutionalisation: AO3 Point Three: Ethics
BEI
- children randomly allocated to foster or orphanage
- removes confounding variables
- but researchers aware of effects
- cost benefit
95
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: SA and IWM
- children: best qual friendships and less likely to be involved in bullying
- adult: long lasting and loving
96
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: IA
- children: more likely to be bullied
- adults: fear of intimacy
97
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: IR
- children: problem with relationship and bully others
- adults: poor and shorter relationships
98
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: IWM
- template of expectations
- like a scheme
- IWM of child likely to effect outcome of behaviour in adult and childhood
99
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: Hazan and Schafer’s
Love Quiz:
- 3 sections in newspaper
- receive 620 volenterrs (2/3 female)
- section one: current imp relationship
- section 2: general love experience
- section 3: assessed attachment type
100
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: Love Quiz Findings
- secure: 56%, IA: 25%, IR: 19%
- SA: loving and long lasting
- IA: jealosy
- IR: shorter relationships IWM
- conc: IWM formed in infancy guides relationships expections
101
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: AO3 Point One: reseach Support
- Romatic Relationship: supports Bowlby’s IWM
- Childhood: kerns: SA kids positive peer relations, Insecure = trouble
- Prenting: Bailey: mother and baby attachment, mothers tend to have attachment style as their babies
102
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: AO3 Point Two: Scientific Basis
Questionnaires:
- self report: childhood attachment style difficult to assess
- Retrosepctive assessment
- volunteer bias
103
Influence of Attachment on Later Relationships: AO3 Point Three: Other Factors
- Correlation not causation
- Kegan: temperament has more of an effect
Psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
-
Attachment103
-
Psychopathology78
-
Social Influence81
-
Memory92
-
Biopsychology114
-
Forensics135
-
Schizophrenia104
-
Research Methods Key Words90
-
Research Methods: Variables14
-
Research Methods: Sampling8
-
Research Methods: Peer Reviews and The Economy7
-
Research Methods: Reliability9
-
Research Methods: Validity14
-
Research Methods: Features of Science11
-
Research Methods: Maths54
-
Approaches36
-
Appraoches Better62
