Basic Chemistry

Question 1

What are the two facets in chemistry?

Answer 1

• Organic
• Inorganic

Question 2

What is an atom?

Answer 2

The smallest unit of matter in formation of chemical element

Question 3

What is a molecule?

Answer 3

Electrically neutral group. 2+ atoms = independent unit

Question 4

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 4

Large molecule, thousands of atoms e.g. protein

Question 5

What is an organelle?

Answer 5

Sub-structure eukaryotic cell, has particular function

Question 6

What is a cell?

Answer 6

Structural and functional unit

Question 7

What is a tissue?

Answer 7

A collection of cells with a particular function

Question 8

What is an organ?

Answer 8

Several tissue types with one or more specialised functions

Question 9

What is an organ system?

Answer 9

Group of organs, working to achieve function/s

Question 10

What is an organism?

Answer 10

Individual living system e.g. humans, plants, animals

Question 11

Solids

Answer 11

Definite shape and volume

Question 12

Liquids

Answer 12

Definite volume, variable shape

Question 13

Gases

Answer 13

Variable shape and volume

Question 14

Explain clinical significance of gases

Answer 14

Respiratory - gas exchange /pressure changes

Question 15

Ionic bonds

Answer 15

Attraction between opposite charged ions (metal + non-metal)

Question 16

Covalent bonds

Answer 16

Shared electrons (2 non-metals)

Question 17

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 17

Hydrogen atom bonded to highly electronegative atom e.g. oxygen, nitrogen.

Question 18

What are the four major elements?

Answer 18

Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)

Question 19

Clinical significance of Carbon?

Answer 19

CO2

Question 20

Clinical significance of Oxygen

Answer 20

Cellular and lung function

Question 21

Clinical significance of Calcium

Answer 21

Skeletal system session, endocrine system, regulating hormones

Question 22

Clinical significance of Sodium

Answer 22

Support nervous system and function
How kidneys regulate

Question 23

Clinical significance of Potassium

Answer 23

Cardiac rhythm
Link to homeostasis

Question 24

Homeostasis definition

Answer 24

Maintenance of constant states within the body. Essential that aspects of the body are maintained within a normal, healthy range.

Question 25

3 key aspects of homeostasis

Answer 25

Fluid content, electrolyte balance, acid/base balance

Question 26

Cell function depends on what three things?

Answer 26

- Supply of nutrients - Removal of metabolic waste products - Physical and chemical regulation of body fluids

Question 27

Water intoxication

Answer 27

- Hyponatremia = lower Na+ than normal

Question 28

Summarise dehydration

Answer 28

More fluid is lost than taken in Stages are defined by % loss of body weight 5% = mild 10% = moderate 15% = severe healthy cell-> cell shrinkage -> lysis

Question 29

What are electrolytes?

Answer 29

Free moving ions

Question 30

Describe acidic conditions

Answer 30

more H+ than OH- 0-6.9pH

Question 31

Describe neutral conditions

Answer 31

Equal H+ and OH- 7pH

Question 32

What are acids considered?

Answer 32

Proton donors

Question 33

Describe alakine conditions

Answer 33

More OH- than H+

Question 34

What are bases considered?

Answer 34

Proton acceptors

Question 35

Acid + Base ->

Answer 35

Acid + Base -> Salt + Water

Question 36

Explain the octet rule

Answer 36

Atoms react in a manner so as to have 8 electrons in valence shell, thus filling shell, achieving stability

Question 37

What are isotopes?

Answer 37

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of electrons (clinical application - Iodine use to treat over/under active thyroid glands)

Question 38

What is the charge of electrons?

Answer 38

Negative

Question 39

What is the charge of protons?

Answer 39

Positive

Question 40

What is the charge of neurons?

Answer 40

Uncharged

Question 41

Number of protons is equal to

Answer 41

Number of electrons

Question 42

What is atomic mass?

Answer 42

Number of protons + electrons

Question 43

What is one mole?

Answer 43

6.02 x 10^23 The number of atoms determined experimentally in 12 grams of C12