Anatomy and Physiology SHC151 > Blood components > Flashcards

Blood components Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Why do we have blood?

A
  • Transport medium
  • Deliver oxygen to all cells and tisues
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2
Q

Give blood volumes in males, females and babies

A
  • Males = 5 litres
  • Females = 3.7-4.2 litres
  • Baby 240 mililitres
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3
Q

What is the plasma?

A
  • Fluid component of blood
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4
Q

What is the plasma made up of?

A

1) 90% water
2) 8% plasma proteins
- albumin
-globulin
-clotting proteins e.g. fibrinogen
3)1.1% Organic substances
-glucose
-amino acids
-urea
-hormones
4) 0.9% inorganic substances
-calcium
-sodium
-chloride
-potassium (bananas)

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5
Q

What are the inorganic components of the plasma known as?

A

Electrolytes

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6
Q

What is the importance of plasma electrolytes?

A

-Form part of the fluid that surrounds all cells and organs
-Many vital functions of body: nerve contraction, hormone secretion, osmoregulation
- If problem e.g. malabsorption, body cannot absorb fluid and electrolytes > become deficient in vital electrons

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7
Q

What will a decrease in K+ ions effect?

A

Heartbeat

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8
Q

What will a decrease in Na+ ions effect?

A

Reduce fluid volume, decrease BP

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9
Q

What are the three blood constituents?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - loads
Leucocytes (white blood cells) -
Platelets

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10
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes?

A
  • Carry O2
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11
Q

What is the role of Leucocytes?

A
  • Immunity - protect against infection
    (raised count suggests you have an infection)
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12
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A
  • Blood clotting
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13
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The formation of all blood cells, occurs in the bone marrow ( full of stem cells (unspecialised))

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14
Q

Describe the shape on red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disk

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15
Q

What cells are aneucleate?

A

Erythrocytes - they have no nucleus

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16
Q

What molecules transport oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

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17
Q

How do iron molecules in haemoglobin work to transport oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin + oxygen = oxyhaemoglobin
This is how oxygen travels around the body

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18
Q

What is sickle cell anaemia?

A
  • Haemoglobin not formed correctly
  • Cells aren’t spherical
  • A mutation distorts the shape of the blood cell - which means it can get trapped in blood vessels
    Life expectancy 40 years
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19
Q

Why does haemoglobin release oxygen to tissue cells?

A
  • Respiring cells produce CO2, haemoglobin dissociates
  • Diffusion low partial pressure O2
  • BPG
    -When body cells need oxygen, haemoglobin dissociates from oxygen
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20
Q

What is hypoxia? How can it present?

A

Low oxygen
Kidneys can detect it.
Can present as cyanosis

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21
Q

What does central cyanosis involve?

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A

Low arterial oxygen, blue skin and lips

22
Q

What is central cyanosis?

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A

Not enough oxygen to brain, heart and lungs in fair skin reduced arteriole oxygen

23
Q

What is peripheral cyanosis?

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A

Fingers and toes turn blue
caused by reduced blood circulation, tissues starved of oxygen rich blood

24
Q

What is hypoxia?

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A
  • detected by chemoreceptors in the kidney
  • need to increase RBC production
25
How can we check the amount of red blood cells?
Packed cell volume (PCV) also known as haemotcrit
26
What is anaemia?
Disorder resulting from decrease in RBCs
27
What 3 nutrients are required for RBC development?
Iron Vitamin B12 Folic acid
28
What are the three types of anaemia?
Iron deficiency anaemia Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia - Pernicious anaemia Folic acid anaemia
29
What are the symptoms of anaemia?
- Lack of oxygen - hypoxia can cause following: - Chronic Tiredness/headaches - Palpitations - Pale - Shortness of bread - Fainting - Red, sore tongue and lack of taste - Depapilation of tongue - balled tongue
30
What is polycythaemia?
Increased number of red blood cells. Causes: 1) genetic mutation 2) Chronic hypoxia (COPD) High number of red blood cells increases blood thickness > blood clots form
31
What are the symptoms and signs of polycythaemia?
- Patient goes very red - facial plethora - Headache - Mental clouding in darker skin - palms of feet and nails become darker - Stroke - Mini stroke - Digital ischaemia - dead tissues)
32
What is oxygen's competitor to bind to haemoglobin?
Carbon monoxide CO (binds better to haemoglobin) CO binds competitively and irreversibly to Hb CO acts as a poison
33
Summarise CO2
Natural waste product, released by all tissues CO2 released by lungs
34
What is the role of white blood cells?
Immunity - defence against microbes and disease Granulocytes - WBC with granules Eosinophil - took up acid Basophil - took up base Neutrophil - no take up Agranulocytes - WBC no granules Big one nucleus - monocyte Small - lymphocyte
35
What are the 5 types of leucocyte?
Eosinophil - took up acid Basophil - took up base Neutrophil - no take up Big one nucleus - monocyte Small - lymphocyte
36
What is the role of neutrophil?
Bacterial infections, stress
37
What is the role of lymphocyte?
Mononucleosis, whooping cough, viral infections
38
What is the role of monocyte?
Malaria,
39
What is the role of eosinophil?
40
What is the role of basophil?
41
What are the cells of the innate immune system?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monophils Does not differentiate with what they kill
42
What are neutrophils?
Phagocytes - extends a pseudopod to ingest a bacterium
43
What are eosinophils?
Kill parasitic worms - releases potent granules (like bullets) High eosinophils = allergies
44
What are basophils?
Release heparin - anticoagulant Release histamine - causes inflammation
45
Name two types of phagocytes?
Monocytes and macrophages
46
Lymphocytes
Adaptive immune response Smallest WBC Large nucleus 3 types: B cells T cells Natural killer cells
47
Function of T-cells
48
Function of B cells
49
Function of natural killer cells
50
Platelets
- Blood clotting -
51
White blood cells
Anatomy and Physiology SHC151
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