Blood groups

Question 1

Why do we have blood?

Answer 1

• Deliver oxygen to body cells = transport medium
• Protection and defence against bacteria
• Essential for blood clotting

Question 2

What is a solution to blood loss?

Answer 2

Blood transfusion or replacement

Question 3

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 3

• B cells
• T cells
• Natural killer cells

Question 4

What are B cells responsible for?

Answer 4

Antibody production

Question 5

What is significant about antigens?

Answer 5

They are species specific

Question 6

What cells recognise antigens?

Answer 6

B cells

Question 7

Describe the shape of receptors on B cells

Answer 7

‘Y-shaped’

Question 8

What are the Y shaped receptors on B cells that recognise antigens known as?

Answer 8

Membrane-bound antibodies

Question 9

How can B lymphocytes produce enough antibodies to destroy the pathogen?

Answer 9

• Once a B cell has detected a foreign antigen on the pathogen
• It becomes activated
• Begins to clone itself
• Clones get bigger and bigger forming plasma cells which can now produce lots more of their antibody, against the foreign antigen
• they produce and release antibodies, which can travel to and destroy the pathogen

Question 10

What is agglutination? What type of interaction is this?

Answer 10

Agglutination = foreign antigen on pathogen surface is bound by antibodies
This is antigen/antibody interaction

Question 11

What happens following agglutination?

Answer 11

Other immune cells and components now attack and destroy the antibody-bound pathogen

Question 12

What do antibodies look like?

Answer 12

Y-shaped
Cupped ‘hands’

Question 13

4 types of transfusion

Answer 13

• Whole blood
• Blood plasma
• Platelet
• Red blood cell in saline

Question 14

What are the major clinically important blood groups?

Answer 14

ABO
Rh (+ve and -ve)

Question 15

What is a donor?

Answer 15

Person who gives blood

Question 16

What is a recipient?

Answer 16

Person who receives blood

Question 17

Which blood type is a universal donor?

Answer 17

Blood O

Question 18

Which blood type is a universal recipient?

Answer 18

Blood AB

Question 19

What antibodies are produced in an individual with type a blood?

Answer 19

Antigen b antibodies

Question 20

What antibodies are produced in an individual with type B blood?

Answer 20

Antigen A antibodies

Question 21

What antibodies are produced in an individual with type AB blood?

Answer 21

Neither antigen antibodies

Question 22

What antibodies are produced in an individual with type O blood?

Answer 22

Both antigen A and antigen B antibodies

Question 23

Signs and symptoms of incorrect transfusion

Answer 23

Chills
Vomiting
Muscle pain
Unease

Question 24

What is Haemolytic disease of the newborn characterised by?

Answer 24

AKA erythroblastosis fetalis
Anemia
Jaundice
Heart failure

Question 25

How can we prevent haemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 25

Within 3 days of the birth of the first baby inject mother with D-Gam which is antibody to antigen rhesus d so that body does not get the chance to make antibodies against it.