Big Basic Concepts NAVLE

Question 1

What does DIC stand for?

Answer 1

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A serious condition involving widespread clotting and bleeding.

Question 2

List the blood work abnormalities associated with DIC.

Answer 2

• ↑ D-Dimers
• ↑ PT/aPTT
• Thrombocytopenia
• ↓ Antithrombin III Activity

These abnormalities are due to the consumption of coagulation factors and platelets.

Question 3

What does SIRS stand for?

Answer 3

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

It is associated with an inflammatory response, primarily involving IL-1.

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of SIRS?

Answer 4

• Fever
• Tachycardia
• Leukopenia

These signs indicate a systemic inflammatory response.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: Hypoventilation leads to __________.

Answer 5

Respiratory Acidosis

This occurs due to an increase in H+ in the blood.

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Hyperventilation leads to __________.

Answer 6

Respiratory Alkalosis

This occurs due to an increase in HCO3- in the blood.

Question 7

What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 7

• Type I: Allergic reactions
• Type II: Cytotoxic reactions
• Type III: Immune complex reactions
• Type IV: Delayed type hypersensitivity

Each type has distinct mechanisms and clinical implications.

Question 8

What is the main feature of Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 8

Re-exposure to an antigen leads to an allergic reaction

Involves IgE antibodies and eosinophils.

Question 9

What characterizes Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 9

Cytotoxic reaction where the body recognizes a cell as foreign

Involves antibody binding and complement activation.

Question 10

What is the role of α1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 10

• Vascular smooth muscle contraction
• Increase in BP/MAP
• Mydriasis
• Glycogenolysis

These receptors are primarily involved in vasoconstriction.

Question 11

What are the effects of β1 adrenergic receptors?

Answer 11

• Increase HR
• Increase contractility
• Lipolysis

Primarily found in the myocardium and adipose tissue.

Question 12

What does D1 adrenergic receptor activation lead to?

Answer 12

• Direct vasodilation
• Natriuresis

Involves renal tubules and increases renal blood flow.

Question 13

What is the purpose of viral serum PCR in diagnostics?

Answer 13

Quickly provides answers to why a patient is sick

Useful for identifying viral infections.

Question 14

What is the difference between random sampling and targeted sampling?

Answer 14

• Random: Provides herd status information
• Targeted: Provides information directly on that animal

Each method serves different diagnostic purposes.

Question 15

What is indicated by a left shift in leukograms?

Answer 15

Increase in immature neutrophil concentration

This is often due to severe inflammation.

Question 16

What are signs of toxic change in neutrophils?

Answer 16

• Cytoplasmic basophilia
• Vacuolation
• Dohle Bodies
• Hypersegmentation

These changes indicate a response to infection or inflammation.