HS11117 Physiology & Pathology > bone phyiology > Flashcards

bone phyiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is bone

A

it is a highly active tissue made up of mineral, proteins, nerves, blood and fatty bone marrow.

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2
Q

list the bone function

A

-Facilitating movement
-Protection and support of soft tissues, blood cell production, and storage of inorganic salts

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3
Q

what does the axial skeleton include

A

This consists of the skull, the auditory ossicles (inner ear), the hyoid bone, the spinal column and the thoracic cage ( ribs and sternum )

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4
Q

what does the appendicular skeleton consist of

A
  1. Shoulder / pectoral girdle
  2. Upper limbs
  3. Hands
  4. Pelvis
  5. Lower limb
  6. Feet
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5
Q

list the bone classifications

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
    -sesamoid
    -irregular
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6
Q

long bone

A

longer that they are wide, support movement and weight bearing

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7
Q

short

A

as wide as they are long/cube like and provide support

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8
Q

flat

A

to protect organs and serve as attachment sites for multiple muscles/ ligaments

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9
Q

sesamoid

A

found within some tendons to add support and strength

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10
Q

irregular

A

bones of a complex shape that protect organs, structures and have many attachment sites for muscles / ligaments

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11
Q

epiphyses

A

Articular ends that form a joint with other bones

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12
Q

what type of cartilage does the epiphyses have

A

articular hyaline cartilage, which reduces friction

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13
Q

what is epiphyses made up of

A

spongy cancellous bone that gives multidirectional support with reduced weight

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14
Q

where is red bone marrow stored

A

epiphyses

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15
Q

diaphysis

A

Made up of hard compact bone, that actually continues into the epiphyses as the hard outer layer on top of the spongy bone. Gives it structure and resilience to bending.

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16
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate - region where the bone grows in length. And it is termed the epiphyseal line which growth no longer occurs

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17
Q

periosteum

A

outer most layer enclosing the bone except for cartilaginous ends

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18
Q

what is the periosteum continuous with

A

connecting ligaments and tendons attchement sites

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19
Q

where can the medullary cavity

A

diaphysis

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20
Q

where is fatty yellow bone morrow id found

A

in the medullary cavity

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21
Q

what is the medullary cavity lined with

A

endosteum

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22
Q

what is a endosteum

A

is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the boney tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones

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23
Q

what is compact bone

A

tightly packed and found in the wall of the diaphysis.

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24
Q

spongy bone

A

branching bone plates and found in the epiphyses. It has spaces that help reduce the bones weight. And has spaces containing red bone marrow

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25
What is the main unit of compact bone that maintains strength and nutrient supply
Osteon
26
lamellae
thin layer of membrane organised concentrically around central blood vessels
27
where can osteocytes be found
in lacunae which are in the lamellae
28
explain the structure of an osteon
make up lamella that has lacuna which contains osteocytes inside it. it also has a haversian canal
29
what so canaliculi do
allow transport of nutrients between bloof vessels and bone cells - has high levels of vascularisation
30
explain canaliculi in terms of haversian and volkmann
microscopic channels that radiate from the lacunae (spaces housing bone cells called osteocytes) to the central Haversian canal, which is the core of a Haversian system in compact bone
31
longitudinal canals
haversian
32
transverse
volkmann
33
what is needed for boney maturation, remodelling and homeostasis
osteoblast and osteoclasts
34
trabecula
it is cancellous bone boney matrix of spongy bone
35
compact bone type of bone and cell arrangment
cortical bone densely arranged osteons allowing for rigid support within the infrastructure to house blood vessels and nerves
36
what makes up osteons
lamellae
37
why are osteons arranged like tree rings
giving compact bone significant resistance to torsion forces
38
haversian canals
inner canals of osteons
39
lacunae
are small tunnels that extend laterallt from te periosteum to the medullary cavity
40
osteoblasts
young cells that help produce new bone and mature to become osteocytes.
41
osteocytes
bone cells to support function and repair found within the lacunae
42
ostepclasts
larger bone cells that destory and reabsorbing bone via enzymes and phagocytotic activity
43
what is phagocytotic actiivty
Phagocytosis is a critical biological activity through which the host can protect itself from infectious and non-infectious environmental particles and remove unwanted host cells in order to maintain tissue homeostasis
44
what is ossification
the process of bone formation, where cartilage or fibrous tissues are gradually replaced by new bone tissue
45
what is osteogenesis
the process of bone formation
46
when does osteogenesis begin
during embryonic development and continues until early adulthood
47
intramembranous ossification
This process where mesenchymal cells directly transform into bone without a cartilage intermediate. To form the flat bone of the skull and clavicle.
48
mesenchymal cells
multipotent stem cells that can develop into various connective tissue cells like bone, cartilage, and fat cells
49
endochondral ossification
The process whereby hyaline cartilage model of bone is replaced by bone tissue forming the majority of our skeleton.
50
5 functions of bones
support - weight bearing activity movement protection storage blood and cell production
51
what is haematopoiesis
blood cell production
52
explain haematopoiesis
occurs primarily in the red bone marrow that is found within some of the bones of the body
53
where is red marrow found
in the spongy bone at the end of long bone as well as other areas
54
name some of the other area red marrow can be found
sternum ribs clavicle vertebral bodies femoral head and neck
55
red marrow cells
red blood cells white blood cells platelets
56
erythrocytes
They are red blood cells that are responsible for transporting blood around the body. Haemoglobin is used to add oxygen to all of our tissue to make sure that they can function.
57
leucocytes
they play a role in your immune system. So these defend the body against infections and foreign substances within the body.
58
platelets
These are involved in blood clotting, so they are going to prevent excessive bleeding when an injury occurs
59
explain the clotting process
This process is influenced by various growth factors and hormones in the body, such as Thrombopoietin and that stimulates red blood cell production when your oxygen is low.
60
what do bones store
inorganic salts
61
what type of salts do bone keep
calcium, phosphate and magnesium, soidum
62
what happens when low blood calcium happens
part of the thyroid gland will release parathyroid hormone to stimulate cells called osteoblasts. Within these osteoclasts ae specialised cells that will break down bone tissue. They will then release the storage calcium phosphate to be used within the blood stream
63
what is bone reabsorption
what happens when low blood calcium
64
what are the benefits of bone reabsorption
helps to restore a natural calcium blood level and thoughts will absorb that excess calcium and stored back to the boney matrix
65
explain high blood calcium
When the calcium levels become high then that parathyroid secretion reduces and they the bones will favour cells called osteoblasts
66
why is calcium needed
for vital metabolic processes such as muscle contraction, nerve function clotting
67
where is calcium found
in the extracellular matrix, released into blood if body low in calcium via parathyroid hormone which stimulates osteoclasts activity to breakdown bone
68
can you explain wolfs law
'bone will adapt to the demands imposed on it'
69
explain mechanical stresses
mechanical stresses will deform bone causing microtrauma promoting an increase in density it will prompt a cellular response - osteoblast and osteoclast activity
HS11117 Physiology & Pathology
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