immune system

Question 1

what is the immune system

Answer 1

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues,organs andthe substances they produce that help the body fight infection and other disease.

Question 2

what are the organs and tissues involved un the immune system

Answer 2

thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and vessels, bone marrow

Question 3

thymus

Answer 3

The thymus encapsulates lymphatic tissue. It is a soft, bilobed gland enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

Question 4

where is the thymus located

Answer 4

and located anterior to the aorta. It is posterior to the upper part of the sternum.

Question 5

spleen

Answer 5

Contains the white pulp which contains WBC which are involved in the initiation and adaptation of the immune system

Question 6

tonsils

Answer 6

Compact masses of lymphatic tissue compose the tonsils. Tonsils arelocated in the pharynx and they play a key role in immune defense by trapping and responding to pathogens entering through the mouth and nose.

Question 7

lymph nodes and vessels

Answer 7

Lymph vessels are thin-walled tubes that transport lymph (a clear fluid containing immune cells) throughout the body, forming a vital part of the lymphatic system. Enlarged regions along lymphatic vessels are known as lymph nodes. These nodes contain masses of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) and macrophages

Question 8

bone marrow

Answer 8

Bone marrow is the site of cell production including White blood cell

Question 9

what are the 2 regions of the spleen

Answer 9

red and white parts

Question 10

white pulp area

Answer 10

primary area for immunology the Red pulp makes up there majority of the space in the spleen and has a immune function distinct from the WP

Question 11

lymphatic vessels role

Answer 11

in immune regulation by facilitating the transport and presentation of antigens and immune cells.

Question 12

what do lymphatic vessels guide

Answer 12

dendritic cells and antigens from peripheral tissues into the lymphatic system promote their movement through afferent lymphatic vessels, and support antigen presentation within lymph nodes.

Question 13

what is peripheral tolerance

Answer 13

is the immune system’s way of preventing self-reactive cells from attacking the body after they’ve left the thymus or bone marrow. It’s a critical safeguard against autoimmune diseases and inappropriate immune responses.

Question 14

afferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 14

Bring lymph fluid, antigens, and immune cells (like dendritic cells) into the lymph node from peripheral tissues

Question 15

cortex of the lymph node

Answer 15

Contains B cell follicles. This is where B cells proliferate and differentiate to support immune responses

Question 16

tissue fluid of the lymph node

Answer 16

carriers antigens and immune cells into the lymph node for surveillance

Question 17

veins and artery lymph nodes structure

Answer 17

supply blood to and from the lymph node

Question 18

efferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 18

Drain filtered lymph and activated lymphocytes out of the lymph node toward circulation

Question 19

lymphiod tissue

Answer 19

site of immune cells

Question 20

what are tonsils main role

Answer 20

immune system first line of defence, act as a barrier to catch bacteria, viruses and other pathogens entering through the nose or month

Question 21

bone marrow has what

Answer 21

site where all blood cells are formed

Question 22

2 systems of the immune system

Answer 22

innate
adaptive

Question 23

what is the innate system

Answer 23

the bodies first line of defence against bacteria, virus, fungi

Question 24

why is the innate system said to be non-specific

Answer 24

reacts to anything that the body encounters and considers foreign

Question 25

types of barriers

Answer 25

skin, mucous membrane, gastric acid, cilia

Question 26

skin

Answer 26

provides a physical barrier between external and internal

Question 27

mucous membrane

Answer 27

Traps particles and stops from entering deep into respiratory system

Question 28

gastric acid

Answer 28

acid found in stomach destorys the ingested pathogens once engulfed by the phagocytes

Question 29

cilia

Answer 29

Can be found in the respiratory track such as the pharynx. Helps move the particles back up the respiratory track.

Question 30

explain the process of the innate system

Answer 30

Once an antigen is detected, they are destroyed through phagocytosis. This process involves a phagocyte that engulfs the foreign cell forming a Phagosomes

Question 31

phagosomes

Answer 31

membrane-bound sacs that form when a cell engulfs a particle

Question 32

what does phagocytosis works with

Answer 32

combination with multiple different phagocytes

Question 33

phagocytes types

Answer 33

neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells

Question 34

what happens if the innate system do when it fails

Answer 34

innate system works with the adaptive system to help reduce the severity of the infection

Question 35

adaptive immune system

Answer 35

te bodies second line of defence against infection

Question 36

how the response of the adaptive changed

Answer 36

changes depending on specific pathogen present

Question 37

what does the adaptive immune system allow for

Answer 37

development of immunological memory to prevent reinfection

Question 38

what is the end-point of the adaptive system

Answer 38

production antigen specific antibodies to target pathogens

Question 39

what forms a major part of the adaptive system

Answer 39

t cells

Question 40

types of t cells

Answer 40

T helper, T memory, T cytotoxic cells and work together to combat disease

Question 41

T cells how do they work

Answer 41

can only recognise antigens when displayed on cell surfaces carried out by apcs

Question 42

APCs

Answer 42

process and present antigens to become recognisable by certain lymphocytes

Question 43

what do ACPs include

Answer 43

B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages

Question 44

what is the role of the T cells

Answer 44

they destroy infected cells and release chemicals with regulate immune response

Question 45

what are T cells

Answer 45

they are type of white blood cells called lymphocytes

Question 46

where are the T cells produced

Answer 46

bone marrow

Question 47

where do T cells mature

Answer 47

in the thymus

Question 48

what are the different groups of the T cells

Answer 48

helper, regulatory or cytotoxic

Question 49

helper T cells

Answer 49

once stimulated by the appropriate antigen helper T cells secrete chemical messengers call cytokines

Question 50

Regulatory T cells

Answer 50

act to control immune reactions. help suppress inflammatory response and maintain immune system

Question 51

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 51

blind to kill infected cells and cancer cells

Question 52

B cells where to the circulate

Answer 52

in the blood, plasma and lymph

Question 53

what are B cells

Answer 53

Y shaped proteins that identify and kill foreign bodies

Question 54

what do B cells do

Answer 54

secrete cytokines to help control immune responses

Question 55

when is a B cell triggered

Answer 55

when it encounters it matching antigen

Question 56

what do B cells do when the encounter the antigen

Answer 56

engulfs the antigen and digests it

Question 57

once the B cells engluf the antigen what happens

Answer 57

displays antigen fragments bound to its unique MHC molecules

Question 58

what does the combination and MCH do

Answer 58

helps the mature matching T-cells

Question 59

what does cytokines do

Answer 59

they are secreted by the T-cell help the B-cell to multiply and mature into anti-body producing plasma cells

Question 60

what are autoimmune disorders

Answer 60

this is when the body attacks itself