HS11117 Physiology & Pathology > PNS > Flashcards

PNS Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

the nervous system beyond the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the two types nerves in the PNS

A
  • cranial nerves
  • spinal nerves
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3
Q

what is the PNS involved in

A

sending information to and from the CNS

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4
Q

what types of neurons do the PNS

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons

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5
Q

pathway of the motor neurons

A

CNS to muscles and glands

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6
Q

sensory neurons pathways

A

sensory organs to the CNS

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7
Q

what can the motor compartment be subdivided into

A

somatic and autonomic systems

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8
Q

what does somatic nervous system control

A

voluntary movements

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9
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

controls the involuntary responses

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10
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic division
parasympathetic division

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11
Q

sympathetic division

A

fight or flight

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12
Q

parasympathetic division

A

rest or digest

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13
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 nerve pairs

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14
Q

where does the cranial nerve arise from

A

the brain

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15
Q

how many cranial nerves come from the cerebellum

A

2

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16
Q

how many cranial nerves come from the brain stem

A

10

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17
Q

name the two cranial nerves that come from the cerebellum

A

olfactory and optic

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18
Q

CN I nerve name, neuron and function

A

olfactory
sensory
smell

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19
Q

CN II nerve name, neuron and function

A

optic
sensory
sight

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20
Q

CN III nerve name, neuron and function

A

oculomotor
motor
eyeball movement

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21
Q

CN IV nerve name, neuron and function

A

trochlea
both
eyeball movement

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22
Q

CN V nerve name, neuron and function

A

trigeminal
motor
facial sensation and jaw movement

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23
Q

CN VI nerve name, neuron and function

A

abducens
motor
eye ball movement

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24
Q

CN VII nerve name, neuron and function

A

facial
both
facial sensation and your facial expression

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25
CN VIII nerve name, neuron and function
vestibulocochlear sensory hearing and balance
26
CN IX nerve name, neuron and function
glossopharyngeal both swallow and taste
27
CN X nerve name, neuron and function
vagus both swallowing and controls heart, lungs, and digestive systems
28
CN XI nerve name, neuron and function
accessory motor motor control of your neck, shoulder shrugging and turning your head to the upper neck muscles
29
CN XII nerve name, neuron and function
hypoglossal motor motor movement of the tongue
30
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31 pairs
31
how many cervical nerve
8
32
how many nerves in the thoracic spine
12
33
how many lumbar nerves
5
34
how many spinal nerves are their in the sacral spine
5
35
how many nerve pairs in the coccygeal
1
36
how do the nerves of the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal leave the spine
the nerves exit the vertebral canal at the level below the corresponding vertebrae
37
how do the cervical spinal nerves exist
above the corresponding vertebrae
38
explain the spinal nerves pathways
they begin as anterior and posterior nerve roots which unite at the intervertebral foramina to form single spinal nerve
39
once the spinal nerves leave the spine wat do they divide into
posterior rami anterior rami
40
posterior rami
deep back muscles, skins, vertebral synovial joints
41
anterior rami supplies
supply rest of the body motor and sensory
42
anterior
motor
43
posterior
sensory
44
spinal nerve plexus
cervical brachial lumbar sacral
45
what is a plexuses
spinal nerves exiting the spine bundle together to form plexuses before branching out again
46
cervical plexus
Cervical plexus C1 and C4 supplies the back of the head, neck and shoulders with C3,4,5 also forming the phrenic nerve which supplies the diaphragm
47
brachial plexus
network of fibres supplying the skin and muscles of the upper limb
48
what rami is the brachial plexus
formed by the anterior rami of the cervical spinal nerves
49
what are the roots of the brachial plexus
C5,6,7,8 T1
50
what are the branches of the brachial plexus
musculocutaneous, Axillary, median, radial, ulnar
51
what are the trunk divisions of the brachial plexus
superior middle inferior
52
what are the cords of the brachial plexus
lateral posterior medial
53
lumbar plexus
L1-L4 important nerve from this plexus being the femoral nerve which supplies the anterior thigh
54
sacral plexus
L4-S4 important nerve from this plexus being the sciatic nerve which supplies the posterior thigh and below the knee
55
afferent divisions
Sensory information is sent to the CNS where it can be processed and an appropriate action is determined.
56
efferent divisions
Information is carried from the CNS to garget organs/muscles to initiate an action
57
explain efferent in terms of motor neurons
Transmits signals from the CNs either the brainstem or spinal cord to the skeletal muscle (somatic system) or smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands (autonomic system)
58
where does the motor information leaves through
anterior ventral nerve root
59
what does the anterior horn contain
the cell bodies of the motor neurons that activate skeletal muscle
60
what are alpha-motor neurons
nerve cells that directly innervate skeletal muscle
61
sensory neurons cell bodies
cell bodies located in the dorsal root of the ganglia of the spinal cord
62
where does the sensory information enter
via the dorsal nerve root
63
what are the types of the sensory neurons
bipolar pseudounipolar multipolar
64
bipolar
two extensions, 1 axon & dendrite - transmission of sense
65
Pseudounipolar
no dendrites, make up sensory nerves
66
multipolar
1 axon and multiple dendrites
67
sensory nerve receptors
interreceptors exteroceptors proprioceptors
68
interreceptor
Monitor CV, digestive, reproductive, respiratory, urinary systems
69
exteroceptors
Monitor pressure, temperature, touch, balance, hearing, sight, smell and taste
70
proprioceptors
Monitor skeletal muscle and joint movement and positioning
71
types of proprioceptors
-muscle spindles -Golgi tendon organs
72
muscle spindles
stretch receptors that are particularly present in muscles that perform fine, skilled movement and assist in the control of muscle tone and posture
73
muscle spindles provides information
on muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length
74
golgi tendons organs are present in
tendons and respond to levels of high tension
75
what type of information do the golgi tendon organs send
inhibitory signals to get the muscle turn off
76
what is reciprocal inhibition
when an agonist muscle is activated the golgi tendon organs inhibit the contraction of opposing antagonist muscle
77
stretch reflex
maintain muscle at constant length in opposition at imposed stretch
78
what happens if motor neuron innervation is lost
their will be no response
79
what is the stretch reflex important for
postural tone against the force of gravity
80
what is tone
- Degree of contraction of a muscle - The number of motor units active at one time - High tone muscle is rigid Low tone muscle is soft and flaccid
81
what does somatic nervous system control
everything that is within voluntary control
82
where do the somatic nervous system nerves go to
the skin and muscles
83
within the muscle and skin where do the somatic nerves go
synapses a the skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction and stimulate a contraction vis a single neuron system
84
how is the somatic nervous system involved in reflex actions
Involved in reflex actions without the involvement of the CNS so that reflex can occur very quickly e.g. Strech reflex
85
autonomic nervous system connect what together
nerves that connect the CNS to visceral organs
86
what does the autonomic nervous system control
regulates involuntary body process without conscious control
87
what are the two subcategorise of the autonomic system
sympathetic parasympathetic
88
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are what to eachother
antagonistic
89
what's the autonomic system main role
continuously monitors and implements changes as needed
90
91
sympathetic division
enables the body to cope with emergencies
92
what automatic processes in the body does the sympathetic division controls
increased ­HR, respiration * Draws on energy reserves * Peripheral blood vessel dilation, visceral constriction * Increased circulating adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon * Dilated pupils * Decreased digestion Bowel/bladder clearance
93
what is the sympathetic division supplied by
cranial nerves as well as nerves from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
94
parasympathetic division controls that automatic processes in the body
* lowered BP, HR, respiration and pupil size * GI blood flow and transit will return to normal or increases
95
what nerves is the parasympathetic division controls by
Driven by cranial nerve 3, 7, 9 & 10 (brainstem) and S2-4 (sacral spinal nerves)
96
2 synapses of the autonomic nervous system
preganglionic postganglionic
97
Preganglionic Neuron location
CNS brainstem of spinal cord
98
Preganglionic Neuron function
sends signals from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion
99
Postganglionic Neuron location
PNS autonomic ganglion
100
Postganglionic Neuron function
sends signals from ganglion to target tissue
101
Postganglionic Neuron fiber length in the sympathetic nervous system
long
102
Postganglionic Neuron fiber length parasympathetic nervous system
short
103
preganglionic neurons fiber length sympathetic nervous system
short
104
preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic system length
long
105
what is the neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic nervous system
ACh
106
what are the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system
ACh - preganglionic Norepinephrine - Postganglionic
107
what is the role of neurotransmitters of the PNS
they carry signals from one nerve to the next and are stored in the axon terminal
108
two types of glial cells
satellite schwann
109
glial cells are found where and what is their function
glial cells in the CNS and PNS provide physical and chemicals support to neurons and help to maintain their environment.
110
what do satellite cell surrounds
neurons in the sensory sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
111
what is the role of the satellite cels
regulate the chemical environment and may contribute to chronic pain
112
Schwann cells
Myelinate neurons in the peripheral nervous system
113
ganglia location for the sympathetic division
near the spinal cord
114
ganglia location for the parasympathetic division
near or within the target location.
115
neurotransmitters for the sympathetic division
ACh preganglionic NE postganlionic
116
Neuropraxia
Mild – focal demyelination at site of injury. Axon and connective tissue intact.
117
axonotmesis
Axon and myelin sheath are damaged. Endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium are intact e.g. crush or stretch injury
118
neurotmesis
Complete transection of nerve sheath and neurons  complete sensory loss and motor deficits
119
satellite cells surround what
sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
120
schwann cells
myelinate neurons in the peripheral nervous system
120
what is the role of the satellite cells
regulate the chemical environment
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